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Project scope as a determinant of methodology of public participation in bomet county, kenya, eva chebet tangus.
Complex decision-making processes require a more informed citizenry that arrives at a mutually agreed upon decision or at least one by which all parties can abide. This calls for public engagement in planning activities. Methodology of engaging the public in planning public participation is crucial for successful planning and the subsequent public participation process aimed to determine a project-specific public participation methodology in Kenya, considering diverse stakeholders, legal aspects, and resource constraints, to enhance engagement strategies aligned with unique project scope. The key issue is the potential discrepancy between project scope and the chosen methodology for public participation, highlighting the need for alignment and effective integration in planning public participation. The study applied the stakeholder theory. A literature review along with field research was undertaken to examine the available information on methodology of public participation and its determinants. In the study, observational methods were utilized, including categorized note-taking during two public forums to observe the proceedings of public participation. Additionally, self-administered questionnaires were distributed. The determined sample size comprised 34 respondents, constituting 20% of the target population of 168 administrators. Random sampling was applied during the pilot study in which interviewees from public officers were randomly selected in the two sub-counties not involved in the main study. The study conducted a comprehensive analysis employing descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and correlation tests to investigate the intricate dynamics within our dataset. ANOVA analysis demonstrated a statistically significant regression model (F = 9.91, p = 0.0000523), affirming the collective impact of independent variables on the dependent variable. Additionally, the correlation test exposed a robust negative correlation of -0.637 between Public Participation (PP) Methodology and Project Scope, highlighting a discernible inverse relationship. These findings collectively contribute valuable insights into the interplay of variables, fostering a deeper understanding of the influence of project scope on the Methodology of Public Participation (MoPP). The study recommends taking into account the project scope when selecting the methodology for public participation.
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A One Health Investigation into H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Epizootics on Two Dairy Farms
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Background In early April 2024 we studied two Texas dairy farms which had suffered incursions of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) the previous month.
Methods We employed molecular assays, cell and egg culture, Sanger and next generation sequencing to isolate and characterize viruses from multiple farm specimens (cow nasal swab, milk specimens, fecal slurry, and a dead bird).
Results We detected H5N1 HPAIV in 64% (9/14) of milk specimens, 2.6% (1/39) of cattle nasal swab specimens, and none of 17 cattle worker nasopharyngeal swab specimens. We cultured and characterized virus from eight H5N1-positive specimens. Sanger and next-generation sequencing revealed the viruses were closely related into other recent Texas epizootic H5N1 strains of clade 2.3.4.4b. Our isolates had multiple mutations associated with increased spillover potential. Surprisingly, we detected SARS-CoV-2 in a nasal swab from a sick cow. Additionally, 14.3% (2/14) of the farm workers who donated sera were recently symptomatic and had elevated neutralizing antibodies against a related H5N1 strain.
Conclusions While our sampling was limited, these data offer additional insight into the large H5N1 HPAIV epizootic which thus far has impacted at least 96 cattle farms in twelve US states. Due to fears that research might damage dairy businesses, studies like this one have been few. We need to find ways to work with dairy farms in collecting more comprehensive epidemiological data that are necessary for the design of future interventions against H5N1 HPAIV on cattle farms.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Funding Statement
This project was supported in part by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant from the American Rescue Plan Act, award number 2023-70432-39558, through USDA APHIS and Professor Gregory C. Grays startup funding from the University of Texas Medical Branch. The findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of the authors and should not be construed to represent any official USDA or US Government determination or policy.
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I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.
The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:
This research was approved by the University of Texas Medical Branch IRB, Protocol 23-0085
I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.
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Complex decision-making processes require a more informed citizenry that arrives at a mutually agreed upon decision or at least one by which all parties can abide. This calls for public engagement in planning activities. Methodology of engaging the public in planning public participation is crucial for successful planning and the subsequent public participation process aimed to determine a ...
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Background In early April 2024 we studied two Texas dairy farms which had suffered incursions of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) the previous month. Methods We employed molecular assays, cell and egg culture, Sanger and next generation sequencing to isolate and characterize viruses from multiple farm specimens (cow nasal swab, milk specimens, fecal slurry, and a dead bird ...
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