Low cost – Millstead
High cost – Shorefield
Ottawa, Canada in healthcare settings and a women’s-only social program | | 800 hours of participant observations conducted over 2 years. The author took the role of a care worker for 12 months (first at Millstead and then at Shorefield). | 104 hours of participant observation across six locations representing healthcare appointments, women’s shelters, and women’s drop-in programs for those at risk for bloodborne infections and chance encounters. Women were asked to take photographs. Field notes included descriptions of the waiting areas and hand-drawn a map of the area. Interviews with WUID |
| A formal analysis approach not followed The author read and re-read field notes and interview transcripts and created analytical notes. The analysis consisted of ‘identifying, studying and analysing patterns in the data and noting similarities/differences between observations and interviews with care workers’. | Inductive thematic analysis ‘Braiding’ the data from multiple sources and methods – a form of triangulation that illustrates a thick, nuanced description of the data |
| Daily routines The content and philosophies of care Carers, cooks, or cleaners? The care worker's role | The results are presented under each of the data collection methods with a description of what was observed, combined with interpretation and quotes, images, and categories from the data. |
Ethnography focuses on understanding culture and the behaviours, experiences and meanings at the group level. The main method of data collection is participant observation, which can be combined with interviews, focus groups and field notes to inform interpretations of the research topic.
- Reeves S, Kuper A, Hodges BD. Qualitative research methodologies: ethnography. BMJ . 2008;337:a1020. doi:10.1136/bmj.a1020
- Hudelson PM. Culture and quality: an anthropological perspective. Int J Qual Health Care . 2004;16(5):345-346. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzh076
- Strudwick RM. Ethnographic research in healthcare – patients and service users as participants. Disabil Rehabil . 2020;43(22): 3271-327. doi:10.1080/09638288.2020.1741695
- Reeves S, Peller J, Goldman J, Kitto S. Ethnography in qualitative educational research: AMEE Guide No. 80. Med Teach . 2013;35(8):e1365-e1379. doi:10.3109/0142159X.2013.804977
- O’Reilly K, Bone JH. Key Concepts in Ethnography . The SAGE Key Concepts Series. SAGE; 2009.
- Eriksson P, Kovalainen A. Qualitative Methods in Business Research . SAGE; 2008.
- Angotti N, Sennott C. Implementing ‘insider’ ethnography: lessons from the Public Conversations about HIV/AIDS project in rural South Africa. Qual Res . 2015;15(4):437-453. doi:10.1177/1468794114543402
- Clark L, Chevrette R. Thick Description. In: Matthes J, Davis CS, Potter RE, eds. The International Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods : John Wiley & Sons; 2017.
- Jackson J. Ethnography. In: Hua Z, ed. Research Methods in Intercultural Communication . John Wiley & Sons; 2015.
- Leverton M, Burton A, Beresford-Dent J, et al. Supporting independence at home for people living with dementia: a qualitative ethnographic study of homecare. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol . 2021;56(12):2323-2336. doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02084-y
- Franco P, Yang YN. Existing fieldwork ‘with grace’: reflections on the unintended consequences of participant observation and researcher-participant relationships. Qualitative Market Research . 2021;24(3):358-374. doi:10.1108/QMR-07-2020-0094
- Johnson EK. The costs of care: an ethnography of care work in residential homes for older people. Sociol Health Illn . 2023;45(1):54-69. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13546
- Kitson C, Haines M, O’Byrne P. Understanding the perspectives of women who use intravenous drugs and are experiencing homelessness in an urban centre in Canada: an analysis of ethnographic data. Glob Qual Nurs Res . Published online March 20, 2022. doi:10.1177/23333936221080935
Qualitative Research – a practical guide for health and social care researchers and practitioners Copyright © 2023 by Darshini Ayton is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
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The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods
- Lisa M. Given - Swinburne University, Australia, Charles Sturt University, Australia, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Description
Qualitative research is designed to explore the human elements of a given topic, while specific qualitative methods examine how individuals see and experience the world. Qualitative approaches are typically used to explore new phenomena and to capture individuals' thoughts, feelings, or interpretations of meaning and process. Such methods are central to research conducted in education, nursing, sociology, anthropology, information studies, and other disciplines in the humanities, social sciences, and health sciences. Qualitative research projects are informed by a wide range of methodologies and theoretical frameworks.
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods presents current and complete information as well as ready-to-use techniques, facts, and examples from the field of qualitative research in a very accessible style. In taking an interdisciplinary approach, these two volumes target a broad audience and fill a gap in the existing reference literature for a general guide to the core concepts that inform qualitative research practices. The entries cover every major facet of qualitative methods, including access to research participants, data coding, research ethics, the role of theory in qualitative research, and much more—all without overwhelming the informed reader.
Key Features
- Defines and explains core concepts, describes the techniques involved in the implementation of qualitative methods, and presents an overview of qualitative approaches to research
- Offers many entries that point to substantive debates among qualitative researchers regarding how concepts are labeled and the implications of such labels for how qualitative research is valued
- Guides readers through the complex landscape of the language of qualitative inquiry
- Includes contributors from various countries and disciplines that reflect a diverse spectrum of research approaches from more traditional, positivist approaches, through postmodern, constructionist ones
- Presents some entries written in first-person voice and others in third-person voice to reflect the diversity of approaches that define qualitative work
- Approaches and Methodologies
- Arts-Based Research, Ties to
- Computer Software
- Data Analysis
- Data Collection
- Data Types and Characteristics
- Dissemination
- History of Qualitative Research
- Participants
- Quantitative Research, Ties to
- Research Ethics
- Textual Analysis, Ties to
- Theoretical and Philosophical Frameworks
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods is designed to appeal to undergraduate and graduate students, practitioners, researchers, consultants, and consumers of information across the social sciences, humanities, and health sciences, making it a welcome addition to any academic or public library.
ISBN: 9781412941631 | Hardcover | Suggested Retail Price: $430.00 | Bookstore Price: $344.00 |
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"....This is an excellent work for students, researchers, or practitioners interested in understanding or using qualitative research methods. Summing Up: Recommended. All levels."
- Approximately 500-600 encyclopedia entries (broken out approximately as follows: 100 long entries of 2,000 words; 350 medium entries of 1,000 words; 75 biographies and definitional entries of 400 words);
- Reader's Guide (following the list of entries) to organize entries around themes or specific topics and easily guide users to areas of interest;
- Cross-referenced terms , brief listing of further readings , and stable website URLs if and when available will follow most entries (whenever appropriate);
- Appendices that may include a general bibliography to build on "Further Readings," an annotated list of organizations relevant to qualitative methods, and an overview of computer software appropriate for managing and analyzing qualitative data to guide researchers in the design and implementation of qualitative research projects.
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COMMENTS
Abstract. This entry explores the emic approach to qualitative research by explaining how it is used to collect and analyze qualitative data. The emic approach centers on the participants' point of view and examines the research setting by describing the participants' ways of communicating, behaving, and interacting in the scene.
2 emic and etic in qualitative research. development within ethnomethodology, and that CA has also made important contributions. to psychology, linguistics, and anthropology. On this reading, CA ...
Qualitative research is a process of storytelling, but whose story are we telling and from what perspective? We examine Kenneth Pike's work on emic and etic approaches to qualitative inquiry and explore how, over time, etic has come to refer to settler-colonial research while emic is seen as relating to Othered life-worlds outside academia. . Researchers from marginalized communities often ...
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS 00_HENNINK_2E_FM.indd 3 06/12/2019 5:20:48 PM. SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver's Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc. ... The emic and etic perspectives 18 Subjectivity and the need for reflexivity 19 Our approach to qualitative research 22 Evaluating quality 23
^The association between perspectives and methods is not absolute. Sometimes, in emic investigations of indige-nous constructs, data are collected with survey methods and analyzed with quantitative techniques (Farh, Earley, & Lin, 1997; Yang, 1986). Likewise, ethnographic observation and qualitative data are sometimes used to support arguments
The emic versus etic arguments are similar to those that revolve around quantitative and qualitative research, and they are in fact closely linked. Emic research is often qualitative, and etic research is often quantitative. However, emic and etic approaches are not always associated with qualitative versus quantitative methods.
Abstract. This entry explores the origins and usage of the terms "emic" and "etic" as they relate to positions of knowledge in research in the social sciences. The entry explains the origins of the emic-etic distinction and how these have changed over time.
It is one of the principal concepts guiding qualitative research. An emic perspective is fundamental to understanding how people perceive the world around them. ... Entry. Emergent Themes ... Given, L. M. (2008). Emic/etic distinction. In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods (Vol. 0, pp. 249-250). SAGE Publications, Inc., https ...
The Emic-Etic-Emic Research Cycle. Betty Jane Punnett, David Ford, Bella L. Galperin, Terri Lituchy. pg 3. ... (2014) noted that emic approaches and qualitative methods can generate new conceptualizations and interpretations of the complex contextual factors involved in IB research and practice, especially in emerging economies. ...
Model for combining the qualitative emic approach with the quantitative derived etic approach. Australian Psychologist, 39(2), 127-133. Crossref. Google Scholar. Pike K. (1967). Language in relation to a ... The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. 2008. SAGE Research Methods. Book chapter . Emic/Etic. Show details Hide details ...
Abstract. This entry explores the emic approach to qualitative research by explaining how it is used to collect and analyze qualitative data. The emic approach centers on the participants' point ...
There are two terms that I think all qualitative evaluators should know and take to heart: the etic and the emic. These are terms usually used by anthropologists. The etic perspective is the outsider's perspective, the perspective that we have of a project's parameters—for example, an outsider's perception of gender in Afghanistan. The emic perspective is the insider's perspective ...
Abstract. This document is a reflexive essay whose objective is to analyze the "Qualitative Research from the Emic-Etic approach". For this, the concepts of qualitative research and the relation ...
In anthropology, folkloristics, linguistics, and the social and behavioral sciences, emic (/ ˈ iː m ɪ k /) and etic (/ ˈ ɛ t ɪ k /) refer to two kinds of field research done and viewpoints obtained. [1]The "emic" approach is an insider's perspective, which looks at the beliefs, values, and practices of a particular culture from the perspective of the people who live within that culture.
Keywords: anthropology of everyday life, qualitative research, emic strategy, participant observation introduction These reflections tackle a specific understanding of researching everyday life, which presents itself as a methodological demand, i.e., as a constitutive element of the new forms of inquiry.
Abstract The origins of the emic/etic distinction in linguistics are to be found in Pike (1967), who distinguished between phonemic and phonetic accounts of the sounds of language. Emic and Etic in Qualitative Research - Markee - Major Reference Works - Wiley Online Library
Qualitative research is a method of inquiry used in various disciplines, including social sciences, education, and health, to explore and understand human behavior, experiences, and social phenomena. ... Scarduzio, J. A. (2017). Emic approach to qualitative research. The International Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods, 1-2. https ...
This is not a binary category. Rather, researchers might be considered on a continuum, from emic to etic 6 (see Chapter 28 for an overview of insider and outsider research), and therefore reflexivity (Chapter 30) and researcher positionality ... Eriksson P, Kovalainen A. Qualitative Methods in Business Research. SAGE; 2008. Angotti N, Sennott C ...
Abstract. The etic approach to qualitative research (often referred to as the "deductive" approach), makes use of conceptual categories and disciplinary knowledge as the basis for understanding a particular setting or study. A researcher taking an etic approach privileges pre-existing theories and hypotheses and seeks to construct accounts ...
The origins of the emic/etic distinction in linguistics are to be found in Pike (1967), who distinguished between phonemic and phonetic accounts of the sounds of language. As originally formulated ...
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods presents current and complete information as well as ready-to-use techniques, facts, and examples from the field of qualitative research in a very accessible style. In taking an interdisciplinary approach, these two volumes target a broad audience and fill a gap in the existing reference ...
By examining a research project on leadership in Africa and the African diaspora from decolonial perspective, our proposed emic-etic-emic cycle (1) stresses the importance of using an emic approach in addition to the dominant etic approach in cross-cultural management; (2) provides researchers with a deeper understanding of context in under ...
QD is a valuable method for master's-level students and research trainees as it provides a practical, accessible, and flexible approach to qualitative research (Bradshaw et al., 2017), fostering the development of important research skills and contributing to the scientific integrity of their work. The disciplines in which QD research fits ...
Nor are the boundaries clear-cut between ethnography and other qualitative methods, such as phenomenology ... The ethnographic notions of emic and etic is commonly reduced to a ... (Ed.), Critical issues in qualitative research methods (pp. 187-209). Sage. Google Scholar. Müller F. (2021). Design ethnography: Epistemology and methodology ...