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Healthy Eating Research 2024 Call for Proposals

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Thank you for your interest in the Foundation’s Grant Program. The Foundation proudly offers several annual research grants in an effort to stimulate innovation and discovery within the profession. Please refer to the table below for information on the focus of each of our named research grants. The Foundation’s ability to provide research grants is determined by investment activity and fundraising efforts.

How to Apply

The Foundation accepts applications for most research grant funding on an annual basis. Any person may apply for Foundation grants and will be given fair and protected-class-neutral consideration for an award. The ability to provide research grants is dependent on fundraising efforts and investment activity.

The Foundation is not currently accepting applications for most named Research Grants within the Foundation’s external, online application platform, linked below. Applications for the CDR Emerging Researcher Grant and CDR Student-Faculty Collaborative Research Grant will open on September 2, 2024, and have a deadline of November 18, 2024. Other grant applications will open on December 2, 2024.

Applications for the Foundation's Commission on Dietetic Registration Emerging Researcher and Student-Faculty Collaborative Research Grants are currently under review. The Foundation expects to send notifications for these grants between mid-December 2023 and early-January 2024.

Please contact Elisha Reichling, MS, RDN, LDN, Foundation Program Manager, at [email protected]  with questions.

2023 Recipient List

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Amy Joye Memorial Research Award Funded by friends and family of Amy F. Joye, MS, RD

• Recipient : Caitlin E. Martinez, MS, RDN Proposal Title : PATH to Health: A Pilot and Feasibility Study to Explore Different Digital Behavioral Weight Loss Approaches

Ann A. Hertzler Memorial Research Grant Funded by Ann A. Hertzler, PhD, RD

• Recipient : Kirsten Robertson, MS, RDN, LD Proposal Title : Medical Nutrition Therapy as an Effective Intervention for Weight Management for African Americans with Overweight and Obesity in a Low-Income Community

Colgate Palmolive Fellowship in Nutrition, Oral Health/Dental Education Funded by the Colgate Palmolive Company

• Recipient : Kate E. Killion, MPH, RDN Proposal Title : Refinement and limited efficacy of tailored messaging and goal setting on short-term dietary and oral health behavior change in children

Jean Hankin Nutritional Epidemiology Research Grant Funded by Jean Hankin, DrPH, MS, MPH, RetRD

• Recipient : Mélanie Guirette, MS, RD Proposal Title : Metabolomic signature of dietary fiber consumption and cardiometabolic risk among US adults

Julie O’Sullivan Maillet Research Grant Funded by Julie O’Sullivan Maillet, PhD, RD, FADA, FAND

• Recipient : Jamie Daugherty, PhD, RDN Proposal Title : Gathering at the Table: Using Food to Heal on your Grief Journey

McCormick Science Institute Research Grant Funded by the McCormick Science Institute

• Recipient : Stella Lucia Volpe, PhD, RDN, ACSM-CEP, FACSM Proposal Title : The Effect of Curcumin on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers in Female and Male Corps of Cadets

Molly Kellogg Grant for Advancement in Nutrition Counseling Funded by the Molly Kellogg, RD, LCSW

• Recipient: Dara Lyn LoBuono, PhD, RD Proposal Title : A Pilot Study to Reduce Age and Weight Biases Among Dietetic Students through an 8-week Service-Learning Program with Older Adults Enhanced by Technology and Digital Learning

Vegetarian Nutrition DPG Research Grant Funded by the Vegetarian Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group

• Recipients: Nicole Presti, MS, RD Proposal Title : The relationship between protein intake and recovery of muscle function after exercise induced muscle damage in people following a plant-based diet

For example, school meals (breakfast and lunch) in 24-hour dietary recalls (with various manipulations by study investigators) from child participants are validated against direct observations of school meals by research staff (J Am Diet Assoc 2002;102:386-395; Prev Med 2003;36:601-614; J Nutr Educ Behav 2003;35:124-134; Nutr Res 2003;23:1537-1546; J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106:1656-1662; J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109:846-856; J Acad Nutr Diet 2014;114:1902-1914; J Nutr 2015;145:2185-2192).

Or, 24-hour dietary recalls from adult participants are validated through feeding studies in which foods and beverages for all meals for adult participants are provided at a facility where true intake and plate waste is ascertained by research staff (Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1171-1178; J Am Diet Assoc 2004;104:595-603; Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100:233-240).

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Introducing the First Strategic Plan for NIH Nutrition Research

• Research Advancements

The Strategic Plan lays a bold framework to help answer important nutrition research questions over the next 10 years.

The seemingly simple question “What should I eat to be healthy?” is not simple at all, nor is it the same for people of different ages or sizes, nor across food environments and microbiomes.

The NIH recently published its first  Strategic Plan for NIH Nutrition Research to help answer this question and many others related to nutrition and diseases linked to poor diet. The plan emphasizes innovative opportunities to advance nutrition research. From basic science to experimental design to research training, these opportunities will complement and enhance ongoing research efforts across NIH to improve health and to prevent or combat diseases and conditions affected by nutrition.

The research supported by the plan will help develop more targeted and effective diet interventions that are more specific to individuals to improve and maintain health in an increasingly diverse U.S. population. 

More specifically, the plan calls for a multidisciplinary approach through expanded collaboration across NIH Institutes and Centers to explore and answer the following strategic goals and key questions.

• Spur Discovery and Innovation through Foundational Research – What do we eat and how does it affect us?
• Investigate the Role of Dietary Patterns and Behaviors for Optimal Health – What and when should we eat?
• Define the Role of Nutrition Across the Lifespan – How does what we eat promote health across our lifespan?
• Reduce the Burden of Disease in Clinical Settings – How can we improve the use of food as medicine?

The plan has five cross-cutting areas relevant to all these strategic goals,

• Minority Health and Health Disparities
• Health of Women
• Rigor and Reproducibility
• Data Science, Systems Science, and Artificial Intelligence
• Training the Nutrition Scientific Workforce

Research proposals from all sources and on all aspects of nutrition research are welcome, and NIH will continue to fund meritorious research that addresses many important topics in nutrition research, not solely topics identified in the plan. Researchers and health care professionals are encouraged to refer to the plan to help guide their research efforts.

The NIH Nutrition Research Task Force helped to guide plan development with extensive input from the broader external research community and the public. Updates on the plan's progress will be posted on their website .

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UKnowledge > Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment > Dietetics and Human Nutrition > Theses & Dissertations

Theses and Dissertations--Nutrition and Food Systems

Theses/dissertations from 2024 2024.

Increased Social Support and Maintained Weight Loss Among Post Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Patients Following a Support and Nutrition-Based Program , Sydney Mae McIntosh

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

MILK THISTLE SUPPLEMENTATION AND EXERCISE TO INFLUENCE BILIRUBIN AND BODY WEIGHT OUTCOMES , Don Arthur Matutina

IDEAL BODY WEIGHT AND BODY FAT PERCENTAGE PREDICT RELATIVE ENERGY DEFICIENCY IN SPORT (RED-S) SCORES IN COLLEGIATE ATHLETES , Emily Norman

EXAMINING THE UTILITY OF A KENTUCKY FCS COOPERATIVE EXTENSION CURRICULUM ON COMMUNITY MEMBERS’ HEALTHY AND SUSTAINABLE DIET-RELATED BEHAVIORS , Catharine Pickford

SEX DIFFERENCES IN CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK FACTORS IN YOUTH WITH OBESITY , Lucrecia Valdez

DEVELOPMENT OF A COMMUNITY-BASED PLAN FOR AN EFFECTIVE BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION TO REDUCE CHILDHOOD OBESITY IN A RURAL APPALACHIAN COMMUNITY , Jennifer Stacy Wells

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Maximal Strength Training Increases Metabolic Energy Expenditure in Sedentary Adults Classified as Obese , Robert E. Anderson III

FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES EXTENSION AGENTS PERCEPTION OF A SUSTAINABLE EATING CURRICULUM FOR KENTUCKIANS , Lindley Barker

“It’s just part of our hospitality:” Examination of cultural factors that may inform future initiatives to improve health outcomes in a rural Appalachian community , Lauren Cassidy Batey

Farmers’ Market Incentive Program as an Intervention for Improving Behavior Regarding Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Children and Adolescents , Madison Blades

PILOT STUDY: THE ROLE OF ONLINE GROCERY SHOPPING IN MEAL PLANNING & PREPARTION: UTILIZING TEXT MESSAGE BASED BEHAVIORAL NUDGES , Brittany Nikole Cox

Nutritional Status in Critical Care of COVID-19 Patients , Dolph Lewis Davis III

THE EFFECT ON INCORPORATING FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES INTO AN EMERGENCY FOOD BOX PROGRAM IN RURAL APPALACHIA KENTUCKY , Zixuan Li

ATTENTIONAL BIAS, INHIBITORY CONTROL, AND FOOD REINFORCEMENT AS MECHANISMS PROMOTING EATING BEHAVIOR AFTER EXERCISE , Kylie F. L. McFee

EXAMINING MOTIVATIONS AND BARRIERS FOR ONLINE GROCERY SHOPPING AMONG URBAN AND RURAL POPULATIONS OF KENTUCKY, NORTH CAROLINA, AND MARYLAND , J.B. Pitts

Leveraging Community Health Workers’ Expertise in the Community to Address Food Insecurity in Appalachia , Alexis Kimbro Scott

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

PROCURING PRODUCE IN A RURAL, APPALACHIAN COUNTY: A THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY MEMBER EXPERIENCES , Caroline Blincoe

In-store Marketing Campaign to Promote the Purchase of Healthy Foods and Beverages at Convenience Stores in Rural Kentucky , Brynnan Nicole Jacobs Dunaway

EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CULTURAL VALUES AND DIET PATTERNS AMONG MEXICAN AND CUBAN IMMIGRANTS IN KENTUCKY , Nasreen Omran

Assessing Self-Perceived Nutrition-Related Lifestyle Behaviors and Knowledge of University Music Students Following a Targeted Presentation , Gretchen Trumbo

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Evaluation of Kentucky Grown Soft Red Winter Wheat with Sensory Evaluation for Bread-making Capabilities and Quality , Asa Conkwright III

CARDIAC EFFECTS OF OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY IN C57BL/6J MICE , Kayla Lynn Dudick

Examining Cultural Influences on Dietary Behaviors among Mexican Americans with Low Acculturation , Austyn Erickson

Energy Compensation with Exercise is not Dependent on Dose , H. Michael Hays

AN EDUCATIONAL PILOT INTERVENTION TO INCREASE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LITERACY AMONG RURAL KENTUCKY YOUTH ATTENDING SUMMER CAMP , Ashley Rose Mattingly

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• v.4(5); 2013 Sep

Nutrition research to affect food and a healthy lifespan 1, 2

Sarah d. ohlhorst.

3 American Society for Nutrition, Bethesda, MD

Robert Russell

4 NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Bethesda, MD, and Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA

Dennis Bier

5 USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

David M. Klurfeld

6 Human Nutrition Program, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD

Zhaoping Li

7 Center for Human Nutrition, University of California Los Angeles, and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA

Jonathan R. Mein

8 Monsanto Center for Food and Nutrition Research, Monsanto Vegetable Seed, Kannapolis, NC

John Milner

9 NIH National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD

A. Catharine Ross

10 Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and

Patrick Stover

11 Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Emily Konopka

Proper nutrition offers one of the most effective and least costly ways to decrease the burden of many diseases and their associated risk factors, including obesity. Nutrition research holds the key to increasing our understanding of the causes of obesity and its related comorbidities and thus holds promise to markedly influence global health and economies. After outreach to 75 thought leaders, the American Society for Nutrition (ASN) convened a Working Group to identify the nutrition research needs whose advancement will have the greatest projected impact on the future health and well-being of global populations. ASN’s Nutrition Research Needs focus on the following high priority areas: 1 ) variability in individual responses to diet and foods; 2 ) healthy growth, development, and reproduction; 3 ) health maintenance; 4 ) medical management; 5 ) nutrition-related behaviors; and 6 ) food supply/environment. ASN hopes the Nutrition Research Needs will prompt collaboration among scientists across all disciplines to advance this challenging research agenda given the high potential for translation and impact on public health. Furthermore, ASN hopes the findings from the Nutrition Research Needs will stimulate the development and adoption of new and innovative strategies that can be applied toward the prevention and treatment of nutrition-related diseases. The multidisciplinary nature of nutrition research requires stakeholders with differing areas of expertise to collaborate on multifaceted approaches to establish the evidence-based nutrition guidance and policies that will lead to better health for the global population. In addition to the identified research needs, ASN also identified 5 tools that are critical to the advancement of the Nutrition Research Needs: 1 ) omics, 2 ) bioinformatics, 3 ) databases, 4 ) biomarkers, and 5 ) cost-effectiveness analysis.

INTRODUCTION

The attainment of good nutrition depends on and encompasses the entire food supply. Plant and animal foods and their various components are the primary vehicles that provide nourishment to human beings. Nutrition is vital, not only in the growth and development of humans and animals but also in the prevention and treatment of disease. Nutrition is also fundamental to the maintenance of good health and functionality. Basic and applied research on the interrelations between nutrition and noncommunicable diseases, nutrient composition, and nutrition monitoring represents the underpinnings for healthy populations and robust economies. Thus, innovative nutrition research and education provide the basis for solutions to larger health-related issues, allowing individuals to live healthier, more productive lives.

The importance of nutrition, as an integral part of the solution to many societal, environmental, and economic challenges facing the world, has just started to be fully appreciated. The American Society for Nutrition (ASN) has identified the “grand” challenges facing nutrition research and science in the 21st century, termed “Nutrition Research Needs.” Findings from these Nutrition Research Needs will elucidate strategies that can be applied toward the prevention and treatment of both infectious and noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Nutrition research holds the key to increasing our understanding of the underlying causes of obesity and its related comorbidities and thus holds promise to markedly influence global economies. Knowledge about adequate nutrition also has an important role in reducing or ending global and domestic food insecurity through direct and purposeful agricultural practices. Population growth will undeniably lead to increased global demand for a safe, available, sustainable, and affordable food supply, while continuing to demand nutritional adequacy.

The ASN Nutrition Research Needs project was originally conceptualized by ASN’s Public Policy Committee to identify worldwide nutrition research needs. This effort will be used to educate and communicate to policy makers and other stakeholders the need and value of increased nutrition research funding to meet societal needs. ASN’s Public Policy Committee reached out to nearly 75 thought leaders in September 2011 to develop a draft list of nutrition research needs.

In February 2012, ASN convened a Working Group of nutrition scientists and researchers representing a cross-section of the Society’s membership to determine the nutrition research needs that will have the greatest impact on the health and well-being of global populations. The names of the Working Group members are listed in the Acknowledgments. Starting with the draft list, the Working Group narrowed down and pulled together 6 nutrition research needs for which advancement would have the greatest projected impact on future health and well-being.

The ASN then informed its membership of the 6 priority research needs and sought further member input. A workshop was held during ASN’s 2012 Scientific Sessions and Annual Meeting in San Diego, CA, with nearly 250 attendees. The research needs were also shared via ASN’s member newsletter, which reaches the entire membership base of nearly 5000 individuals, to inform and seek input from members who did not attend the annual meeting or the workshop. Member feedback on the Nutrition Research Needs was incorporated during development of the final document.

THE TOP NUTRITION RESEARCH NEEDS

The top 6 nutrition research needs cut across the entire research spectrum from basic science to health policy, from discovery to application. Specific research areas are listed under each research need. These 6 nutrition research needs are highlighted in the hope that they will prompt scientists from all disciplines to collaborate to advance these challenging research needs that have high potential for translation and public health impact. Although the topics presented focus principally on human nutrition research, the Working Group recognized that nutrition research using animal models is an essential foundation for making new discoveries that can be translated to advances in human nutrition. Further, the importance of animal nutrition research is emphasized within these research needs in particular: “Understanding the role of nutrition in health maintenance” and “Understanding the food supply/environment.” The research community will benefit from clearly articulated nutrition research priorities that will lead to science-based information, help to shape policy and enhance future funding for nutrition research, and thereby further promote the field of nutrition science.

1) Understanding variability in individual responses to diet and foods

A top priority for future nutrition research is the need to better understand variability in metabolic responses to diet and food. Enormous variability exists in individual responses to diet and food components that affect overall health. Discoveries underpinning this variability will lead to advances in personalized nutrition interventions and will better inform health and food policies, including Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for nutrient needs and, ideally, future recommendations for known bioactive food components. Research in the following areas is necessary to determine the origins and architecture of variability and to explain similar or dissimilar responses to diet and food components by subpopulations, as influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and ethnic and/or racial differences.

Omics research, such as nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics (e.g., epigenetics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), will help to determine how specific nutrients interact with genes, proteins, and metabolites to predict an individual’s health. Omics provide information on individualized nutrient requirements, including how nutrients are digested, absorbed, and metabolized, and their functions in the body. Omics will help to determine and reflect an individual’s nutritional status and will aid in the creation of new nutritional and disease biomarkers.

Microbiome.

Diverse microbes, such as bacteria and viruses, live in and on the body and contribute to the microbiome, which is estimated to have 10 times as many cells as the body itself ( 1 ). Microbes can vary in type and quantity, making each organism’s microbiome unique—although subpopulations may have similar microbiome characteristics. The microbiota needs to be better defined, and changes due to diet, age, physiologic state, and disease need to be determined. Research is needed to determine the microbiome’s role in varying biological responses to diet and food components and its importance in disease prevention and progression. Conversely, research is also needed to determine how the microbiome is influenced by diet and other environmental factors.

Biological networks.

Basic research is needed to provide a better understanding of biological networks, such as an individuals’ genome (DNA/RNA protein profiles), and how these networks affect metabolic responses to diet and food. Environmental interactions, including nutrients and other dietary components, bacteria, viruses, and chemical contaminants, all may affect the responsiveness of biological networks to specific foods and the entire diet.

Tissue specificity and temporality.

Research is needed to describe the mechanisms by which dietary factors affect variability in development and functioning, including which tissues are most influenced by dietary factors and when during the most critical stages in life this influence occurs.

2) Understanding the impact of nutrition on healthy growth, development, and reproduction

Epigenetics/imprinting..

Epigenetics and imprinting research examines how exposures to dietary components during critical periods of development may “program” long-term health and well-being. Research is needed to determine how early nutritional events contribute to disease later in life and alter normal developmental progression.

Early nutrition.

Research is necessary to better understand the role of diet and individual food components on normal growth and development. This includes the role of parent’s preconception diets, the maternal diet during pregnancy, and early nutritional events. Studies indicate that the timing of an infant’s introduction to solid foods may increase the likelihood of becoming obese later in life ( 2 ). These findings are important given that the number of overweight children in the United States has increased dramatically in recent years ( 3 ). Research is now needed to determine the best approaches to influence these factors during early life. The important role of nutrition throughout early life on growth and development, as well as on health and well-being, needs to be continually assessed.

Nutrition and reproductive health.

The impact of nutrition on reproductive health, including before and after conception, requires further research. Nutrition has a direct impact on both maternal and paternal fertility and the ability to conceive and also plays a key role in preventing diseases related to reproductive organs, including prostate and ovarian cancers. Although numerous studies have investigated how fruit and vegetable consumption may affect risk of breast, prostate, and other cancers, there is no clear consensus in the scientific literature. Thus, well-designed controlled intervention studies are needed to determine whether effects are limited to subpopulations, what factors influence a response and what mechanisms may account for changes in health.

3) Understanding the role of nutrition in health maintenance

Health maintenance includes noncommunicable disease prevention and treatment as well as weight management. The role that food components, particularly novel ingredients, contribute to health maintenance requires continuing research. Researchers and the public rely on dietary guidance, including the DRIs, to guide nutrition recommendations and health policy. Research is needed to better define the nutrient needs that best support health maintenance in all populations and their subgroups, from infancy throughout life. Nutrition across life is a fundamental issue that requires investigation so that recommendations will “match” with true biological needs.

Optimal bodily function.

Research is needed to determine the roles that nutrition and fitness, both singularly and together, have in maintaining bodily functions, including cognitive, immune, skeletal, muscular, and other functions. Evolving research areas include prevention of disease-related processes, such as inflammation, and definition of mechanisms that have an important role in health maintenance, such as immunocompetence. Animal models are used to understand the requirements for optimal health in humans and production animals.

Energy balance.

Research is also needed to examine the use of a systems approach to achieve energy balance including and integrating environmental, biological, psychosocial, and food system factors. A systems approach is preferable because the standard experimental approach of varying one factor at a time has accomplished little to address the populationwide problem of energy imbalance. A solution-oriented approach that is comprehensive in nature and takes into account the complexities of achieving energy balance must be created. Although far more research is needed to identify systemwide changes that maximize energy balance, intriguing examples exist. “Shape Up Somerville, MA,” effectively reduced weight gain in high-risk children through a multifaceted community-based environmental change campaign ( 4 ). Shape Up Somerville increased the community’s physical activity and healthful eating through physical infrastructure improvements and citywide policy and programming changes.

4) Understanding the role of nutrition in medical management

The rapid translation of nutrition research advances into evidence-based practice and policy is a priority for ensuring optimal patient care and effective disease management. Nutrition researchers have a key role in bridging the gap between disease prevention and disease treatment by fostering clinical research, providing innovative education for caregivers and patients, and delineating best practices for medical nutrition in primary care settings.

Disease progression.

To improve the medical management of disease, research is needed to determine how nutritional factors influence both disease initiation and progression, as well as how nutrition affects a patient’s response to therapy. Genetic and epigenetic variations among individuals can result in both positive and negative responses to diets, to specific foods, and to novel food components. The issue of individual variability is of considerable importance in refining medical management, including nutrition support, and requires continuing research.

Expanded research will allow us to better understand and minimize unfavorable impacts of both reduced and elevated nutrient intakes on disease progression and overall health. Disease/mortality response curves are U-shaped for many nutrients (that is, there is an increased risk of adverse outcomes if the nutrient is ingested in either too low or too high amounts). The importance of achieving a proper nutrient balance is seen in the example of chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation contributes to many noncommunicable diseases and can result from high intakes of proinflammatory omega-6 fatty acids in the face of low intakes of anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids ( 5 ). Research will help to determine the desired intake for essential and nonessential nutrients alone and when combined with other nutrients in the diet.

Nutrition support for special subgroups.

Nutrition research is needed to establish the required nutritional needs that best support survival, growth, and development in subpopulations, such as in chronically diseased patients, in children, and in aging adults. With the success of medical advances, as have been seen with in vitro fertilization and neonatal care, caring for preterm infants presents a new challenge in early nutritional management. Preterm infants have special nutrition needs that will greatly affect their future growth and development, as well as their eventual health status as adults.

5) Understanding nutrition-related behaviors

Drivers of food choice..

Understanding the link between behavior and food choices can help tackle obesity and other nutrition-related issues that are a public health priority. Individual food choices can be influenced by a number of different drivers including the following:

• Government policy
• Environmental cues
• Cultural differences
• Communication tools, such as social networking and food marketing

Research is needed to identify the impact of these various drivers and understand how they work alone or together to influence nutrition-related behavior. Research will show how these drivers should be altered to have the highest positive influence on individual behavior and therefore public health. For example, the state of Mississippi recorded a 13% decline in obesity among elementary school students from 2005 to 2011 ( 6 ). Multiple changes in the environment occurred, such as the setting of standards for foods sold in school vending machines, setting a requirement for more school exercise time, mandating healthier environments in childcare settings, and establishing programs that encouraged fruit and vegetable consumption. The challenge now is to determine what effect these combined actions will have on obesity-related behaviors in the long run.

Nutrition and brain functioning.

Further explorations of the biochemical and behavioral bases for food choices and intake over time are essential. Brain function as it relates to food desire and choice needs to be clarified through research, and the multiple hormones that affect eating require further study as well. Factors such as meal frequency and size, speed of meal consumption, and how these factors are influenced by social cues require objective data, which can only be provided by research. Understanding how the marketing of healthy behaviors could help consumers achieve dietary guidance goals should be a priority. As part of this approach, innovative and practical methods for accurately measuring and evaluating food purchases and eating occasions must be developed.

Imprinting.

Because of the high propensity of obese children remaining obese as adults ( 7 ), additional research is needed to determine how eating and satiety behaviors are imprinted during critical periods of development and to show how food components affect neural biochemistry and brain functioning—and therefore shape behavior. This research will provide us with a better understanding of how and why an individual makes particular food choices. Although scientists recently validated the concept that food availability during pregnancy has permanent effects on gene expression in children ( 8 ), human studies are needed to confirm or refute the hypothesis that fetal programming, resulting from maternal obesity, leads to excess weight in children and into adulthood.

6) Understanding the food supply/environment

Food environment and food choice..

Simply knowing or understanding what constitutes a healthy diet is not enough to change an individual’s diet or lifestyle. Understanding how the food environment affects dietary and lifestyle choices is necessary before effective policies can be instituted that will change a population’s diet in a meaningful way. Examples of key questions that should be addressed include the following:

• Is current dietary guidance an effective way of communicating dietary change?
• Do food assistance programs promote positive dietary patterns or have negative dietary and health consequences?
• What role does food advertising play in food decision-making among different age groups and educational levels?
• How do farm-to-fork food systems, with an increased emphasis on local agricultural production and consumption, influence dietary patterns and behaviors?
• How can farm-to-fork food systems ultimately be used to promote healthy behaviors and improve public health?
• How can we most effectively measure, monitor, and evaluate dietary change?

Food composition and novel foods and food ingredients.

Having an affordable, available, sustainable, safe, and nutritious food supply is also an important underpinning for making significant changes to a population’s diet and lifestyle. Examples of key research areas to address include the following:

• Enhancing our knowledge of the nutrient and phytonutrient content and bioavailability of foods produced, processed, and consumed
• Studying how to better align and foster collaboration between nutrition and agricultural production
• Can shifting agricultural focus from principally agronomic to include quality factors (such as taste, flavor, and nutritional value) have positive effects on fruit and vegetable consumption?
• Can we leverage technologies, such as biotechnology and nanotechnology, to develop novel foods and food ingredients that will improve health, both domestically and abroad, and provide credible, tangible functional health benefits?

Public/private partnerships.

To tackle these enormous challenges requires the coordinated efforts of public and private partners. The development of public/private partnerships between food and agricultural industries, government, academia, and nongovernmental organizations has the potential to advance nutrition research, enabling meaningful changes to be made to American and global diets (e.g., increased fruit and vegetable consumption to match government recommendations). We need to examine successful examples of public/private partnerships that have resulted in improved nutritional status and food security in specific populations ( 9 ).

CROSS-CUTTING TOOLS TO ADVANCE NUTRITION RESEARCH

Nutrition research is truly a cross-cutting discipline, and the Working Group identified several tools that are also necessary to advance the priority needs in nutrition research. Adequately powered intervention trials continue to be essential for validating research theories arising from experimental and epidemiologic studies. However, the development of new, impactful tools will help us to more effectively quantify dietary intake and food waste and to determine the effectiveness of nutrition standards, such as DRI values and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans . Although not a traditional tool, multidisciplinary partnerships among scientific societies, government, industry, academia, and others are fundamental to advance the nutrition research agenda. ASN and its membership must be proactive not only in efforts to advance nutrition research (including initiating and leading partnerships) but also in developing the tools needed to enhance the field. ASN recognizes the need to facilitate effective communication among academia, industry, government agencies, consumers, and other stakeholders to advance nutrition.

Omics (especially genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) will enable us to determine how specific nutrients interact with genes, proteins, and metabolites to predict the future health of an individual. A field of study that encompasses technological advances as well as omics-based research, it is sometimes referred to as personalized nutrition. Omics hold the keys to major nutrition breakthroughs in noncommunicable disease and obesity prevention. Omics provide information on how well nutrients are digested, absorbed, metabolized, and used by an individual. Moreover, omics will lead to new biomarkers that reveal a person’s nutritional status and health status all at one time.

2) Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that uses computer science and information technology to develop and enhance techniques to make it easier to acquire, store, organize, retrieve, and use biological data. Bioinformatics will enable nutrition researchers to manage, analyze, and understand nutrition data and to make connections between diet and health that were not previously possible. Databases are necessary to gain the full benefits of bioinformatics, because they make nutrition data easily accessible in a machine-readable format.

3) Databases

Accurate, up-to-date food and nutrient databases are essential to track and observe trends related to the nutrition and health of individuals. Databases link food and supplement composition and intake data to health outcomes. Nutrient databases should be expanded to cover more foods and their bioactive components, including nonessential nutrients. Nutrition data must be incorporated into databases related to novel research areas, such as nutrigenomics and the microbiome, to adequately link these areas with nutrition. Data collection must also be improved with enhancements such as photographic food intake documentation, direct upload of food composition and sensory characteristics (if not proprietary) from food manufacturers, and biological sample collection.

4) Biomarkers

Intake, effect, and exposure biomarkers allow us to determine and monitor the health and nutritional status of individuals and subpopulations, including ethnic and racial minorities. Biomarkers that are responsive to diet and nutrition will help assess disease progression and variability in response to treatment, while improving early diagnosis and prevention. Biomarkers must continue to be developed and validated to accurately track food and nutrient intake given our rapidly changing food supply.

5) Cost-effectiveness analysis

Cost-effectiveness analysis is a tool used to calculate and compare the relative costs and benefits of nutrition research interventions. Cost effectiveness analysis helps to determine the most cost-effective option that will have the greatest benefit to public health.

CONCLUSIONS

The multidisciplinary nature of nutrition research requires collaboration among research scientists with differing areas of expertise, many different stakeholders, and multifaceted approaches to develop the knowledge base required for establishing the evidence-based nutrition guidance and policies that will lead to better health and well-being of world populations. Proper nutrition offers one of the most effective and least costly ways to decrease the burden of chronic and noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors, including obesity. Although there is skepticism about the ability to complete large, well-controlled dietary interventions at a reasonable cost in the United States, the success of the Lyon Diet Heart study in France ( 10 , 11 ) and the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) study in Spain ( 12 ), both of which used variations of the Mediterranean diet, show this approach can be successful, even in the presence of drug treatment of cardiovascular risks in the latter study. Both of these studies showed significant reductions in cardiovascular disease (and cancer in the Lyon study) after relatively modest dietary changes.

Perhaps the greatest barrier to advancing the connections between food and health is the variability in individual responses to diet; it is also the origin of public skepticism to acceptance of dietary advice and the opportunity for entrepreneurship in the private sector. Imagine being able to identify, with certainty, those most likely to benefit from prescriptive nutrition advice through the various omic technologies and then providing these groups of people with customized nutrition advice based on their metabolic risk profiles. This is the new frontier of the nutritional sciences that offers the opportunity to predictably engineer our physiologic networks for health through diet. The confidence this approach would bring to the skeptical consumer would improve adherence to weight management and disease treatment techniques and improve the chances of success for disease prevention. To realize the full positive impact of achieving good nutrition on disease prevention and the health of populations, we must have the will to invest in and support the 6 key areas of nutrition research that have been outlined above.

Acknowledgments

The Nutrition Research Needs Working Group consisted of Dennis Bier, David M Klurfeld, Zhaoping Li, Jonathan R Mein, John Milner, A Catharine Ross, Robert Russell (Chair), and Patrick Stover. They were supported by ASN staff members Sarah D. Ohlhorst and Emily Konopka.

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Theoretical Framework

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College Students’ Healthy Nutrition Research Proposal

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Literature Review

Research methods and techniques.

People’s choices for foods and other nutrition-related practices are influenced by a variety of determinants with tremendous consequences for nutrition. Understanding consumer behaviour helps nutrition specialists to deliver effective nutrition intervention programs. Existing literature suggests that many students purchase foods outside the school’s meal programs, mostly snacks and sweetened beverages with high calories and low nutritional value (Hales, 2010; Koplan et al., 2005).

Economic determinants influence food choices among students, especially the price of food and convenience (Hales, 2010; Li, 2011). A research study by Cullen et al. (2000) demonstrated that many children eat out and are allowed to eat what they want. Among these children, parental influence on the menu choice occurs only when cost is an issue (Cullen et al., 2000). In a related study by Pokin et al. (2005), it was reported that food expenditure patterns for high-priced products significantly reduce the number of fruits servings, vegetables and dairy products consumed by students suggesting that costly foods influence students’ choices.

Student’s choice of healthy foods for consumption appears to be determined by nutrition and health influences. In a study to investigate the effect that nutritional education has on a consumer’s diet, Shakkour (2008) demonstrated that nutritional education could help people improve the quality of eating behaviors. This suggests that wellness policies in schools and other school-based activities aimed at promoting positive dietary behaviour could help solve the problem of overweight students and reduce the risk of obesity. However, dietary choices and physical activity behaviours among adolescents and children are influenced by familial factors, societal factors, the media and other settings (Gay, 2006; Martin and Oakley, 2008). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011), schools provide supportive environment for students to learn and practice healthy behaviours such as the choice of healthy foods and physical activity.

Current literature shows that healthy diets are unaffordable and cost is a major barrier for students in accessing healthy foods (Rivas and Flores, 2011). In a systematic demand analysis for unhealthy and healthy food, Zheng and Zhen (2010) reported little evidence that substitution between healthy and unhealthy food could be induced by relative price changes. Such findings are consistent with arguments by Rivas and Flores (2011) that increasing taxes on unhealthy food items could raise their relative prices and result to positive changes in eating behaviours. Rivas and Flores (2011) asserted that cash incentives may be the most effective approach to reducing the consumption of unhealthy foods. Further, Champlin and Henderson (1998) argued that the eating behaviours of teens reflect their living environment and health status, implying that cost impacts on the choice of healthy foods.

Research Questions

This study will examine the health and nutrition behaviours of college students in order to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that influence food consumption particularly, among university students. The main research question would be; “How does knowledge about nutrition and health influence university students to choose foods for consumption?”

This study will test the following hypothesis

• Hy.1- costly foods influence students’ choices.
• Hy.2- nutrition and health influence students to choose healthy foods for consumption.
• Hy.3- cost impact on the choice of unhealthy foods.

Study Design

Quantitative research method will be applied using a cross-sectional study research design that will gather data within a single period. The data will be used to examine whether nutrition and health knowledge influence the food intake behaviour of the university students (Miere et al., 2007). The nutritional model will be applied to guide the collection of data and nutritional behaviors of the participants (Sakamaki et al., 2005).

Since cross-sectional study design is less costly and quick, it is feasible for this study (Kolodinsky et al., 2007). In addition, the information gathered will be analyzed quickly and easily to give a snapshot characteristics of the population (Panagiotakos et al., 2007). Comparing the students’ dietary behavior can be easily done at once using this study method (Irazusta et al., 2006). Nevertheless, this study design only provides a snapshot of the population being studied. Therefore, only some generalizations will be drawn from the data gathered (Young & Fors, 2001).

Participants and Sampling

In this study, all university students are deemed viable when carrying out the research (Spyckerelle et al., 1992). From the total number of university students, just thirty students will be selected via appropriate sampling method that will give a true population representation and a valid data (Lee & Loke, 2005). For the main study, the proposed sample size will comprise 15 female participants between the age of 18 and 25, and 15 gentlemen between the ages between 19 and 27 (Wardle et al., 2004).

Due to time and cost constraints, a selective sampling will be used to choose the thirty students (Schweyer & Le-Corre, 1994). Although random sampling is quick and convenient method for selecting the participants, the researcher is free to select the participants who are accessible and representative of the population (Mikolajczyk et al., 2009). The disadvantage of selective sampling is that it may be biased in case the sample does not represent the whole population (Osler & Heitmann, 1996).

Data Collection

Data for this study will be acquired from primary sources (Roddam et al., 2005). The relevant primary data will be gathered via questionnaires (Hagman et al., 1986). A comprehensive exploration instrument is assumed to have been developed and satisfactorily tested prior to embarking on this actual research study (Von-Bothmer & Fridlund, 2005). Therefore, thirty questionnaires that examine the students’ nutritional behaviour will be used (appendix 1).

The questionnaire will take the students roughly between 15 and 21 minutes to complete. The advantage of the questionnaires is that the potential data will be gathered within the shortest time possible (Spyckerelle et al., 1992). Conversely, the disadvantage is that the students would not be willing to provide the information or may be giving untrue information particularly, in situations they feel that they would not benefit from the study (Kim et al., 2003).

Ethical Consideration

Before embarking on the research study, all the application requirements that the research committee needs will be completed (Brunt et al., 2008). In addition, all the participants will be provided with information concerning their freedom of participation based on the stated standards (Anderson et al., 1994). A letter of introduction from the university specifying and explaining the study and the standard methods will also be provided. The letter will provide an assurance of secrecy to their information (Baric et al., 2003). Moreover, information sheet guiding and describing the study will be provided (Bull, 1992). The participants will be made aware that they can withdraw their involvement without any consequence (Brevard & Ricketts, 1996). Lastly, the research participants will be provided with letters of consent.

An approval for participation in this research study will be sought from the responsible authorities (El-Ansari et al., 2007). However, measures will be put in place during and after the research study has been conducted to help protect the respondents and any other subjects from harm (Bas et al., 2005). Finally, the information acquired from the study participants will be securely stored and protected whereas study finding reports will not divulge the participants’ identification (Kafatos et al., 2000).

Anderson, AS, Macintyre, S & West, P 1994, “Dietary patterns among adolescents in the west of Scotland”, Br J Nutr , vol.71 no.1, pp. 111-122.

Baric, CI, Satalic, Z, & Lukesic, Z 2003, “Nutritive value of meals, dietary habits and nutritive status in Croatian university students according to gender”, International J ournal of Food Science Nutrition , vol. 54 no. 6, pp.473-484.

Bas, M, Altan, T, Dincer, D, Aran, E, Kaya, HG & Yuksek, O 2005, “Determination of dietary habits as a risk factor of cardiovascular heart disease in Turkish adolescents”, Eur J Nutr , vol.44 no.3, pp.174-182.

Brevard, PB & Ricketts, CD 1996, “Residence of college students affects dietary intake, physical activity, and serum lipid levels”, J Am Diet Assoc , vol.96 no.4, pp.35-38.

Brunt, A, Rhee, Y & Zhong, L 2008, “Differences in dietary patterns among college students according to body mass index”, J Am Coll Health , vol.56 no.9, pp.629-634.

Bull, NL 1992, “Dietary habits, food consumption, and nutrient intake during adolescence”, J Adolesc Health, vol.13 no.1, pp. 384-388.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2011, School health guidelines to promote healthy eating and physical activity , Web.

Champlin, S & Henderson, A. 1998, Promoting teen health; linking schools, health organizations, and community , SAGE, New York.

Cullen, W, Baranowski, T, Rittenberry, L & Olveira, N 2000, “Social-environmental influences on children’s diets: results from a focus group with African-Euro-and Mexican-American children and their parents”, Health Education Research, vol. 15 no.5, pp.581-590.

El-Ansari, W, Maxwell, AE, Mikolajczyk, RT, Stock, C, Naydenova, V & Kramer, A. 2007, “Promoting public health: benefits and challenges of a European wide research consortium on student health”, Cent Eur J Public Health , vol.15 no.6, p.58-65.

Gay, K 2006, Am I fat? The obesity issue for teens: Enslow Publishers, Inc., New York.

Hagman, U, Bruce, A, Persson, LA, Samuelson, G & Sjolin, S 1986, “Food habits and nutrient intake in childhood in relation to health and socio-economic conditions. Irazusta A., Gil, S, Ruiz, F, Gondra, J, Jauregi A., Irazusta, J & Gil, J 2006, “Exercise, physical fitness, and dietary habits of first-year female nursing students”, Biol Res Nurs , vol.7 no.2, pp. 175-186.

Hales, D 2010, An invitation to health: choosing to change , Cengage Learning, New York.

Kafatos, A, Verhagen, H, Moschandreas, J, Apostolaki, I & Van-Westerop, JJ 2000, “Mediterranean diet of Crete: foods and nutrient content”, J Am Diet Assoc , vol.100 no.8, pp.1487-1493.

Kim, S, Haines, PS, Siega-Riz, AM & Popkin, BM 2003, “The diet quality index-international (DQI-I) provides an effective tool for cross-national comparison of diet quality as illustrated by China and the United States”, J Nutr , vol.133 no.1, pp.3476-3484.

Kolodinsky, J, Harvey-Berino, JR, Berlin, L, Johnson, RK & Reynolds TW 2007, “Knowledge of current dietary guidelines and food choice by college students: better eaters have higher knowledge of dietary guidance”, Journal of American Diet Association , vol.107 no.12, pp.1409-1413.

Koplan, J, Liverman, C & Kraak, V 2005, Preventing childhood obesity: Health in the balance , National Academies Press, New York.

Lee, RL & Loke, AJ 2005, “Health-promoting behaviours and psychosocial well-being of university students in Hong Kong”, Public Health Nurs , vol.22 no.1, pp. 209-220.

Li, L 2011, “Factors influencing student’s food choices when shopping for food”, International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 6 no.1, pp. 165-186.

Martin, J & Oakley, C 2008, Managing child nutrition programs: leadership for excellence, Jones & Bartlett Learning, New York.

Miere, D, Filip, L, Indrei, LL, Soriano, JM, Molto, JC & Manes, J 2007, “Nutritional assessment of the students from two European university centres”, Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi, vol.111 no.6, pp.270-275.

Mikolajczyk, RT, El-Ansari, W & Maxwell, AE 2009, “Food consumption frequency and perceived stress and depressive symptoms among students in three European countries”, Nutr J, vol.8 no.3, pp. 27-32.

Osler, M & Heitmann, BL 1996, “The validity of a short food frequency questionnaire and its ability to measure changes in food intake: a longitudinal study”, Int J Epidemiol , vol.25 no.4, pp. 1023-1029.

Panagiotakos, D, Sitara, M, Pitsavos, C & Stefanadis, C 2007, “Estimating the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease and its economic consequences, by the level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet: the ATTICA study”, J Med Food, vol.10 no.4, pp. 239-243.

Pokin, B, Duffey, K & Gordon-Larsen, P 2005, “Environmental influences on food choice, physical activity and energy balance”, Physiology & Behavior, vol. 86 no. 12, pp.603-613.

Rivas, J. & Flores, M 2011, Cash incentives and unhealthy food consumption , Web.

Sakamaki, R, Amamoto, R, Mochida, Y, Shinfuku, N & Toyama, K 2005, “A comparative study of food habits and body shape perception of university students in Japan and Korea”, Nutr J , vol.4 no.1, pp. 31.

Schweyer, FX & Le Corre, N 1994, “L’alimentation au quotidien chez les e’tudiants”, Pre’venir , vol.26 no.6, pp.87-92.

Shakkour, E 2008, The relationship between nutritional knowledge and application , Web.

Spyckerelle, Y, Herbeth, B & Deschamps, JP 1992, “Dietary behaviour of an adolescent French male population”, J Hum Nutr Diet , vol.5 no.3, pp. 161-168.

Von Bothmer, MI & Fridlund, B 2005, “Gender differences in health habits and in motivation for a healthy lifestyle among Swedish university students”, Nurs Health Sci , vol.7 no.1, pp.107-118.

Wardle, J, Haase, AM, Steptoe, A, Nillapun, M, Jonwutiwes, K & Bellisle, F 2004, “Gender differences in food choice: the contribution of health beliefs and dieting”, Ann Behav Med , vol.27 no.2, pp.107-116.

Young, EM & Fors, SW 2001, “Factors related to the eating habits of students in grades 9–12”, J Sch Health , vol.71 no.2, pp.483-488.

Zheng, X & Zhen, C 2010, Healthy food, unhealthy food and obesity , Web.

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A THESIS PROPOSAL ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF 5 TO 10 YEARS CHILDREN OF NAMJE, VEDETAR VDC OF DHANKUTA DISTRICT

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In developing countries malnutrition is one of the major public health problems among children. Normal growth is dependent on adequate nutrition and encompasses major transformations from birth to adulthood. Socio-economic status and behaviors of family members, environmental factors are other determinants of nutritional status of children. This research was conducted to assess the factors associated with nutritional status of children in Allahabad District of Uttar Pradesh. This was a community based Cross-sectional study. It was conducted in Allahabad district. A totalsample of three hundred ninety one children were selected using random sampling technique. Data was collected using a pre tested schedule. More than half of the children (74.79 % in Jasra Block and 67.53 % in Chakka Block) aged 6- 24 months were malnourished according to Gomez Classification . Most of the mothers were illiterate. Majority of the children were found stunted according to Waterlow?s classification. More than the half the children (57.75%) were underweight who were born by mother less than 18 years of age where as 75% were underweight born by mother aged above 35 years of age. More than half of the children were found underweight and Nearly 2/3rd of the children were found stunted. To get better nutritional status of children, greater emphasis should be given to under five years children with community based awareness programs to mother and care givers.

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Nutrition Research Proposal

Which state is better: Oklahoma or Missouri?

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What state is best to invest in real estate: Florida or Massachusetts?

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What state is best to start an LLC: Indiana or Oklahoma?

A nutrition research proposal is a document laying down the request of nutrition for a valid organization which deals with nutrition researches. It focuses on the major principles of a food company on the basis of which the researcher conducts the research and lays down the credibility of his findings for the benefit of the company.

Sample Nutrition Research Proposal

Name of the Organization: Just a Minute Noodles

Name of the food product: Flour Noodles

Name of the owner: Mr. Denmark Volvo

Proposal given to: Walton Cox, Nutritionist, Geometrics Health World

Product rating: 8/10

Date of proposal: 5 th June, 2011

Company ranking: 30 th in the international arena

Ingredients used in the product:

• Monosodium Glutamate
• Food additives
• Taste enhancer
• Natural flavours

Requirements of the research: We want to carry out a nutrition research to rate the harmfulness and beneficial aspects of the product. A thorough study of the ingredients must be conducted to throw light on all the positive and negative outcomes of using the product and to check for an alternative substance that would provide for greater benefits. The research must give a clear indication of the facts related to the health of the consumer. The research findings must highlight the four main following areas:

Health: How much restriction of the product’s intake is required for patients with heart diseases?

Pregnancy: Till which trimester an expecting woman is free to consume the product and why?

Age: Which age group of people should abstain from this product?

Demerits: What are the harms caused by regular consumption of the product?

Proposal acceptance valid till: 5 th July 2011

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