literature review ieee format

Structure Your Article

Learn about the elements that organize a typical IEEE journal article and how to compose your work to help communicate your ideas more clearly.

The article’s title should be specific, concise, and descriptive to help readers decide if they should read the full article.  Use keywords and short phrases to describe the article’s content in as few words as possible.  Avoid terms such as “new” or “novel” since the reader already knows that your research is new and worthy of publication.

Follow the IEEE authorship guidelines when determining who belongs on the author list. 

You may publish your name in your native language, alongside the English version of your name, in the author list if you wish.  The guidelines below are for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters. All other native language names should be submitted via Unicode characters. In your article’s cover letter, indicate that the article includes author names in native languages.

Be sure to carefully check the rendering of your name in your article during the proof stage before article publication.

Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters

The following font styles will be used when rendering Chinese, Japanese, or Korean characters in the final publication. Use the appropriate font for your native language to avoid potential errors.

• Simplified Chinese: SongMT
• Traditional Chinese: SungMT
• Japanese: MS Mincho
• Korean: Batang

Use Microsoft Word’s Insert Symbols feature to add the correct characters in parentheses after the name of each author who would like to have their name shown in their native language. Use the standard font listed above to ensure accuracy.

When writing in LaTeX, provide the CJK Ascii Unicode for Chinese (traditional or simplified), Japanese, or Korean.

Your abstract should provide a brief summary of the research conducted, the conclusions reached, and the potential implications of those conclusions.

A strong abstract will also:

• Consist of a single paragraph up to 250 words, with correct grammar and unambiguous terminology
• Be self-contained; without abbreviations, footnotes, references, or mathematical equations
• Highlight what is novel in your work
• Include 3-5 keywords or phrases that describe the research, with any abbreviations clearly defined, to help readers find your article

Most authors write the abstract last and edit it multiple times before article publication to ensure it accurately captures the entire article.

IEEE recommends that you do not include mathematical symbols in your article title or abstract because they may not display properly.

Using the right keywords in your article can make your article more easily and reliably discoverable—which leads to a broader readership for your article. For best results, define any abbreviations and, where possible, strive to use standardized keywords. Using the IEEE Thesaurus  can help you find the best standardized keywords to fit your article. Use the  thesaurus access request form  for free access to the  IEEE Thesaurus .   

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First Footnote

The first footnote is not numbered. All other footnotes in the article are numbered consecutively. Do not use asterisks or daggers. The first footnote (or the author affiliation paragraph) is made up of at least three paragraphs.   

First paragraph

The first paragraph consists of:

• all IEEE-provided received, revised, and accepted dates of the article, as well as the two additional online published dates (i.e., first and final publication dates)
• author-provided name(s) of the corresponding author(s) (as well as names of equally contributed authors or co-first authors, if applicable)
• author-provided full financial support for the work in the article (listed here and not in the Acknowledgment)
• author-provided   information of full or partial prior presentation of an article (referred to as a “paper”) at a conference, including the DOI of the prior presentation, which links to the conference version and not a preprint; if an article is a thesis or part of a thesis or dissertation, this should be noted in the last sentence of the first paragraph
• Articles That Are Reporting on Human/Animal Research and Have Review Board Approval: This work involved human subjects or animals in its research. Approval of all ethical and experimental procedures and protocols was granted by (Name of Review Board or Committee) (if provided under Application No. xx, and performed in line with the (Name of Specific Declaration (if applicable/provided)).
• Articles That Are Reporting on Human/Animal Research and Are Exempt From Review Board Approval: This work involved human subjects or animals in its research. The author(s) confirm(s) that all human/animal subject research procedures and protocols are exempt from review board approval.

Refer to the IEEE’s policy on Research on Human and Animal Subjects .

Second paragraph

The second paragraph consists of author affiliations, including author-provided department, university or corporation, city, state, province or prefecture (if provided), postal code, and country for each author. Note that the country and corresponding author’s e-mail address must be included. All authors may include their e-mail addresses, which would be separated by semicolons.

See IEEE Editorial Style Manual for Authors for detailed examples of author affiliation types for two or more authors, changed affiliation, retired author, deceased author, and consultant.

Third paragraph

The third paragraph consists of an IEEE-provided notice if the article has supplementary materials and/or color figures in the online version.

Introduction

The introduction section includes a review of the existing literature to position your research within the broader scientific field and to show the novelty of your work.  The introduction should also describe the question you’re trying to answer with your research and why that question is important to the field.

Methodology

The methodology section is a straightforward description of what you did in your research and how you did it.  A detailed methodology section will make your article reproducible by other researchers, which helps others trust and build upon your work.

Ensure your mathematical equations and formulas display correctly in your published article by following either the IEEE Math Typesetting Guide for LaTeX Users or the IEEE Math Typesetting Guide for MS Word Users .

The results section describes the results you obtained in your research.  Include figures and tables as appropriate to illustrate your results. Figures can show data trends or other visual information. Tables are best to use when the exact values are important.

In the discussion section, describe what your results mean and how they are an important contribution to the research field.

The conclusion section can highlight potential broader implications of your work and areas that need further study.  Be careful not to inflate your findings.

The reference section is important because all scientific and technical research builds upon previous work. References help give proper credit and attribution to that preceding body of work.  References also support and validate your hypothesis.  Be sure to only cite references that directly support your work. Inflating citations by adding unnecessary references is considered a breach of publishing ethics.

Acknowledgments

The acknowledgments section is where you can recognize and thank those who have helped you publish this article. Here you can thank your funder, someone who supported you during the research project, or the anonymous reviewers who evaluated the article.  The Acknowledgements section is optional but quite common.

Refining the Use of English in Your Article

Communicate your work clearly. If you are not fully proficient in English, consider using an English language editing service before submitting your article. An expert editing service can help you refine the use of English in your article, so you can communicate your work more effectively.

The use of an editing service is paid for by the author. It does not guarantee acceptance in an IEEE publication.

IEEE authors are eligible for discounts at the following language editing services:

• American Journal Experts : 10% discount
• Enago : 30% discount ( review Enago’s services for authors in Chinese )

Authors writing articles containing math equations rely on using LaTeX, the industry standard for producing readable mathematics. IEEE authors can benefit from using Overleaf, which supports collaborative writing in LaTeX code or a visual editor. Now anyone can create and edit complex, beautifully formatted technical documents with ease.

Discover the Overleaf editor

Additional Resources

• Free online introduction to LaTeX  (3 parts)
• Overleaf and LaTeX Resources  feature new features and updates, webinars, Overleaf documentation, and the premium features guide
• IEEE Author Center  for step-by-step guidance on the writing and publishing process
• Tools for IEEE Authors , which include the  IEEE Publication Recommender  to find the right periodical or conference for your research, and the  IEEE Reference Preparation Assistant  to verify your reference list

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ECET 380: Project Management

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Literature Review

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“A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with each other (also called synthesis).” -- Purdue OWL

Literature Review Assignment Details

Your group will write the literature review together. 

• Include 4-5 professional sources (journal article, professional association article, specification details, etc.).
• IEEE citation format.
• A cover page with title, every team member listed. 
• Title and page number on each page, upper right hand corner.
• A References page.
• Assignment is due January 27, 11:59 PM.

All of your resources will be synthesized into one literature review. Follow the suggested steps for writing your literature review.

• Review the article themes.
• Notice the relationships between the themes and the different articles.
• Write down the overarching story between the articles.
• Introduction (what are you doing and why -- what problem are you going to solve?)
• Body (how will you do it -- what technology, materials etc. -- this is where patents, standards, articles will all inform those decisions)
• Conclusion (reiterate what, why, how)
• When writing your review, remember to use quotes sparingly and always cite where you got your information. Review signal phrases as a way to always give credit to authors.
• Learn the basics of a literature review from Purdue Owl's Writing a Literature Review
• Want to learn about the different types of literature reviews, check out Review: Outline, Strategies, and Examples ; by Study Corgi

To read example literature reviews:

1. Purdue Owl gives this example using APA.

2. And here is a paper within research gate that has a literature review section in IEEE (you just need to see the lit review as an example).

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Q. How do I write a methodology and lit review using the IEEE Style Guide?

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IEEE does not have a specific format for lit reviews or methodologies. You can find their f ull style manual here , with details on citing references in chapter 5.

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IEEE Website Citation | Guide with Examples

Published on August 12, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on June 1, 2023.

To write an IEEE reference for a website or webpage , include the name of the author, the page title, the name of the website, the URL, and the date when you accessed it. The access date is included in case the page is changed or removed in the future.

An IEEE in-text citation consists of the same number as the relevant reference. If appropriate, you can include a paragraph number to point the reader to a specific piece of text.

Table of contents

Citing a website with no author, citing a website with no title, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about ieee website citations.

Websites and webpages often don’t list a specific author. When this is the case, you can begin the citation on the IEEE reference page with the title of the page, omitting the author element.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Some webpages and websites won’t have any clear title you can use in your reference. If this is the case, replace the missing element(s) with your own description of what the website is. This appears in brackets.

If you want to know more about ChatGPT , AI tools , citation , and plagiarism , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• ChatGPT vs human editor
• ChatGPT citations
• Is ChatGPT trustworthy?
• Using ChatGPT for your studies
• What is ChatGPT?

 Working with sources

• Paraphrasing
• Critical thinking
• Boolean operators
• Synthesizing sources

 Plagiarism

• Types of plagiarism
• Self-plagiarism
• Avoiding plagiarism
• Academic integrity
• Consequences of plagiarism
• Common knowledge

The IEEE reference page consists of a list of references numbered in the order they were cited in the text. The title “References” appears in bold at the top, either left-aligned or centered.

The numbers appear in square brackets on the left-hand side of the page. The reference entries are indented consistently to separate them from the numbers. Entries are single-spaced, with a normal paragraph break between them.

If you cite the same source more than once in your writing, use the same number for all of the IEEE in-text citations for that source, and only include it on the IEEE reference page once. The source is numbered based on the first time you cite it.

For example, the fourth source you cite in your paper is numbered [4]. If you cite it again later, you still cite it as [4]. You can cite different parts of the source each time by adding page numbers [4, p. 15]. Don’t use “ ibid .”

When a webpage or website doesn’t list an author, you can usually just leave the author out of your IEEE website citation , starting with the page title instead.

When there’s no clear title, you can write your own description of the page or website in brackets in place of the title, e.g., “[Personal blog].”

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, June 01). IEEE Website Citation | Guide with Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 5, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/ieee/ieee-website-citation/

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IEEE Style Guide: How Do You Add References and Citations in Your Manuscript?

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) is an organization whose mission is to advance technology to benefit humankind. IEEE is recognized for its continuing support of technical professionals and its contributions to increasing innovations in technical fields, such as electronics and computer science. From a researcher’s perspective, IEEE citations are important. IEEE has its own referencing and citation style that is used in various technical publications. Here, we provide information and examples for the most common types of published works.

In-Text Citations

IEEE uses numerals within brackets to denote each reference as it appears in the text. Each reference has only one number associated with it, and the numbers are ordered in sequence. For example,

Wolves have the innate ability to limit the size of their litters based on the availability of food[1].

Note the placement of the numeral. Each numeric citation is enclosed in brackets in line with the text . Space is inserted before the bracket and punctuation is placed after the bracket. When the same reference is used throughout the document and you want to call attention to a specific page or illustration, you can format the reference as follows:

Wolves have a system of hierarchy that allows only the alpha male and female in the pack to mate [2, Fig. 4].

Each in-text citation stands alone. For example, when several citations are necessary, they would appear as follows:

[1], [2], [5], [8] – [10]

Note that each is bracketed. Note also that the first three citations stand alone and are separated by a comma and space. The final citation denotes a range and en-dash (not a hyphen) is inserted between the brackets.

These are the preferred formats. Some publications will accept a somewhat altered format (e.g., [1, 3, 5]) but always check your author guidelines. When in doubt, use the preferred methods.

Citing Authors More Than Once

When making references to the same author(s), it is not necessary to type the author’s name each time. You can merely refer to the same bracketed numeral used in the first citation. For example:

First citation :

Smith and Jones found that a higher percentage of people contract viruses during winter[7].

Subsequent citation :

In [7], it was determined that using antibacterial soaps and wipes were not as effective in preventing illnesses as once suspected.

Note the format in the second example using only the citation numeral with “in” placed before it.

If your reference has three or more authors, you use “et al.” instead of listing all the names. For example, if the authors of the first citation were “Smith, Jones, and Jackson,” the citation would be as follows:

Smith et al. [7] found that a higher percentage of people contract viruses during winter [7].

Check author guidelines to determine whether et al. should be italicized.

References in General

The reference list corresponds to the numeric citations and is formatted sequentially, not alphabetically. There are three specific reference parts:

• Name of author(s): First initial or name followed by a comma and complete last name.
• Title of article/printed/electronic work : In quotation marks.
• Title of publication: In italics.

The following formatting rules apply:

• List references sequentially.
• Use citation numerals in brackets before each reference.
• Place numbered brackets flush left.
• Use single spaces within references and double spaces between them.
• Indent the reference text.

Some parts of references, such as punctuation and dates, might vary. Be sure to check guidelines for examples of several reference types not provided here.

Electronic Documents

Following are some examples of references for electronic documents.

[5]        B. Jacobs, R. Smith, and D. Jones, Software for Gaming , 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: (name of source).

Journal Article Abstract

[17]      B. Smith and P. Miller, “Bitcoins,” Information and Software Technology , vol. 100, no. 860 p. 333, June 2010. [Abstract]. Available: (website name). [Accessed December 25, 2017].

Journal Article (open access)

[2]        B. Smith, “Hypertext hype,” Current Issues in Education , vol. 6, no. 12, July, 2005. [Online serial]. Available: (website URL). [Accessed date].

Note the spacing, punctuation, and fonts of each. For more complete examples, please refer to the link above.

Printed Documents

The following are some (fake) examples of references from books with one or more authors:

[1]        W. K. Smith, Making Sense of Networks . Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Press, 2005. [2]        J. L. Smith and B. H. Jones, Eds., Sensory Signals . New York: Wiley-Liss, 2006.

Note in the second example, the names presented are denoted as the “editors” of the book.

When referencing a section from a book, the format would be as follows:

[3]        E. D. Smith and B. D. Jones, “Sensory Receptors,” in Sensory Signals , J. L. Smith and B. H. Jones, Eds. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2006, pp-1-64.

When there are three or more authors, the same rules apply. The authors are listed using the same format.

Books or manuals are referenced by the organization name but use the same formatting structure as follows:

[1]        Council of Biology Editors, Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers , 6th ed., Chicago: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [2]        IBM Corporation, New and Improved Software Systems , IBM Corporation, 2010.

Datasheets follow the same principles as those for electronic and printed matter but use the manufacturer’s name, name of the data sheet, and model or product identification code in the reference. For example,

[10]      Texas Instruments, “R&S ® RTO oscilloscopes,” 74HC4051 datasheet, Nov. 2016.

The same rules apply to references for government publications and conference proceedings.

General Rules

These are just a few of the many types of references that you might encounter in your technical writing. Most references will follow similar IEEE formats. In addition, reference programs such as EndNote encompass IEEE style and some of its variants . Always check with your department or journal on its preferred reference style to ensure accuracy.

What literature sources do you find it difficult or confusing to cite in IEEE referencing style? Let us know in the comments section below!

HOW TO PUT REFERENCE FROM A WEB PAGE?

Hi Sajitha,

Thank you for posting your query. Regarding your query of adding references from a webpage, it depends on the wrtiting style guide you are following while drafting your manuscript. For example, the format of adding references as per the APA style guide might be different from the IEEE style guide. However, the general style while adding references through EndNote is as follows: Author – If there are one or more author names associated with the specific page or article you are citing, all of them need to be mentioned. If there is no individual named, you can use the organization as the author, followed by a comma. Title – If the article has its own title, you can use that. If not, use the name of the overall webpage. If there is not an obvious name, you can check the URL for a clue. Year – If the article is dated, use that year. If it is not, look for a copyright year at the bottom of the Web page. If none is given, enter “n.d.” (for “no date”). Access Date – Month, day, and year you looked at the Web page. URL You can refer to the following link for more information on referencing as per the different style guides: http://libguides.dixie.edu/c.php?g=57887&p=371721

Please let us know in case of any other queries.

Is there a general standard for citing memorandums & the slides from presentations? Thank you in advance.

Thank you for sharing your query with us. If the presentation is a conference proceeding available online, you can cite in the following manner under the IEEE style guide: Name of the Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), year, pp. xxxxxx. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com

You can check through the following link for more information: https://ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/IEEE-Reference-Guide.pdf

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Writing a Literature Review

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with each other (also called synthesis ). The lit review is an important genre in many disciplines, not just literature (i.e., the study of works of literature such as novels and plays). When we say “literature review” or refer to “the literature,” we are talking about the research ( scholarship ) in a given field. You will often see the terms “the research,” “the scholarship,” and “the literature” used mostly interchangeably.

Where, when, and why would I write a lit review?

There are a number of different situations where you might write a literature review, each with slightly different expectations; different disciplines, too, have field-specific expectations for what a literature review is and does. For instance, in the humanities, authors might include more overt argumentation and interpretation of source material in their literature reviews, whereas in the sciences, authors are more likely to report study designs and results in their literature reviews; these differences reflect these disciplines’ purposes and conventions in scholarship. You should always look at examples from your own discipline and talk to professors or mentors in your field to be sure you understand your discipline’s conventions, for literature reviews as well as for any other genre.

A literature review can be a part of a research paper or scholarly article, usually falling after the introduction and before the research methods sections. In these cases, the lit review just needs to cover scholarship that is important to the issue you are writing about; sometimes it will also cover key sources that informed your research methodology.

Lit reviews can also be standalone pieces, either as assignments in a class or as publications. In a class, a lit review may be assigned to help students familiarize themselves with a topic and with scholarship in their field, get an idea of the other researchers working on the topic they’re interested in, find gaps in existing research in order to propose new projects, and/or develop a theoretical framework and methodology for later research. As a publication, a lit review usually is meant to help make other scholars’ lives easier by collecting and summarizing, synthesizing, and analyzing existing research on a topic. This can be especially helpful for students or scholars getting into a new research area, or for directing an entire community of scholars toward questions that have not yet been answered.

What are the parts of a lit review?

Most lit reviews use a basic introduction-body-conclusion structure; if your lit review is part of a larger paper, the introduction and conclusion pieces may be just a few sentences while you focus most of your attention on the body. If your lit review is a standalone piece, the introduction and conclusion take up more space and give you a place to discuss your goals, research methods, and conclusions separately from where you discuss the literature itself.

Introduction:

• An introductory paragraph that explains what your working topic and thesis is
• A forecast of key topics or texts that will appear in the review
• Potentially, a description of how you found sources and how you analyzed them for inclusion and discussion in the review (more often found in published, standalone literature reviews than in lit review sections in an article or research paper)
• Summarize and synthesize: Give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
• Analyze and interpret: Don’t just paraphrase other researchers – add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
• Critically Evaluate: Mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
• Write in well-structured paragraphs: Use transition words and topic sentence to draw connections, comparisons, and contrasts.

Conclusion:

• Summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance
• Connect it back to your primary research question

How should I organize my lit review?

Lit reviews can take many different organizational patterns depending on what you are trying to accomplish with the review. Here are some examples:

• Chronological : The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time, which helps familiarize the audience with the topic (for instance if you are introducing something that is not commonly known in your field). If you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order. Try to analyze the patterns, turning points, and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred (as mentioned previously, this may not be appropriate in your discipline — check with a teacher or mentor if you’re unsure).
• Thematic : If you have found some recurring central themes that you will continue working with throughout your piece, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic. For example, if you are reviewing literature about women and religion, key themes can include the role of women in churches and the religious attitude towards women.
• Qualitative versus quantitative research
• Empirical versus theoretical scholarship
• Divide the research by sociological, historical, or cultural sources
• Theoretical : In many humanities articles, the literature review is the foundation for the theoretical framework. You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts. You can argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach or combine various theorical concepts to create a framework for your research.

What are some strategies or tips I can use while writing my lit review?

Any lit review is only as good as the research it discusses; make sure your sources are well-chosen and your research is thorough. Don’t be afraid to do more research if you discover a new thread as you’re writing. More info on the research process is available in our "Conducting Research" resources .

As you’re doing your research, create an annotated bibliography ( see our page on the this type of document ). Much of the information used in an annotated bibliography can be used also in a literature review, so you’ll be not only partially drafting your lit review as you research, but also developing your sense of the larger conversation going on among scholars, professionals, and any other stakeholders in your topic.

Usually you will need to synthesize research rather than just summarizing it. This means drawing connections between sources to create a picture of the scholarly conversation on a topic over time. Many student writers struggle to synthesize because they feel they don’t have anything to add to the scholars they are citing; here are some strategies to help you:

• It often helps to remember that the point of these kinds of syntheses is to show your readers how you understand your research, to help them read the rest of your paper.
• Writing teachers often say synthesis is like hosting a dinner party: imagine all your sources are together in a room, discussing your topic. What are they saying to each other?
• Look at the in-text citations in each paragraph. Are you citing just one source for each paragraph? This usually indicates summary only. When you have multiple sources cited in a paragraph, you are more likely to be synthesizing them (not always, but often
• Read more about synthesis here.

The most interesting literature reviews are often written as arguments (again, as mentioned at the beginning of the page, this is discipline-specific and doesn’t work for all situations). Often, the literature review is where you can establish your research as filling a particular gap or as relevant in a particular way. You have some chance to do this in your introduction in an article, but the literature review section gives a more extended opportunity to establish the conversation in the way you would like your readers to see it. You can choose the intellectual lineage you would like to be part of and whose definitions matter most to your thinking (mostly humanities-specific, but this goes for sciences as well). In addressing these points, you argue for your place in the conversation, which tends to make the lit review more compelling than a simple reporting of other sources.

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Bibliometrics & citations, view options, recommendations, empirical evidence about the uml: a systematic literature review.

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) was created on the basis of expert opinion and has now become accepted as the ‘standard’ object-oriented modelling notation. Our objectives were to determine how widely the notations of the UML, and their usefulness, ...

Automation of systematic literature reviews: A systematic literature review

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Systematic literature review: Self-Regulated Learning strategies using e-learning tools for Computer Science

In 1986, Barry Zimmerman and Manuel Martinez-Pons presented a taxonomy containing 14 categories on Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) strategies performed by high school students when studying. Since this study, researchers have used the ...

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A review of intelligent subway tunnels based on digital twin technology.

1. Introduction

2. background study, 2.1. construction method of subway tunnel, 2.2. the complexity and safety risk of subway tunnel construction, 2.3. overview of digital twins, 3. bibliometric analysis, 3.1. annual number of published papers, 3.2. development context–keyword timeline map, 3.3. research status and hotspot–keyword co-occurrence map, 3.4. collaborating institutions—source co-occurrence map, 4. application of digital twin in subway tunnel engineering, 4.1. subway digital twin modeling, 4.1.1. geometric model, high-fidelity model based on point cloud.

• The scanning method is easily affected by environmental occlusions, resulting in a decrease in local accuracy, especially in irregular solid models;
• The generation, processing, and utilization efficiency of large-scale and high-precision point clouds is low. Therefore, the point cloud is more suitable for small-scale, high-precision models, such as tunnel surface sketches, or large-scale rough models, such as ground models, to meet the timeliness requirements;
• The processing and analysis of point clouds, especially the segmentation and recognition process, require high computing power to support fast feedback. Therefore, the connection should be strengthened to achieve high-speed and stable communication between point cloud acquisition, processing, analysis, and decision-making terminals.

High-Fidelity Model Based on BIM

Parameterized model based on real data, 4.1.2. physical model, 4.1.3. semantic model, 4.2. application of digital twin technology in the tunnel construction process, 4.2.1. digital twin data acquisition, 4.2.2. construction deformation monitoring and early warning, 4.2.3. construction process risk management and control, 4.3. the role of digital twin technology in rail transit security, 4.4. intelligent operation and maintenance system of rail transit based on digital twin, 4.5. resource optimization of traffic facilities in subway stations based on digital twins, 5. discussion and future direction.

• In terms of comprehensive information, the aging characteristics of geological structures can be incorporated into the theory of environmental disaster, and the intelligent prediction of unfavorable geology can be realized based on the geological conditions of the tunnel site and structural sensing feedback, which provides a strong guarantee for tunnel design and safe operation and maintenance;
• In terms of data timing, the existing data sensing and information collection are often realized by means of machine coordination and personnel field collection, and some collection processes are risky and subjective. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an unmanned tunnel inspection device to improve the accuracy and safety of data collection and to assist with the digital development of information sensing with automated and standardized intelligent equipment operations;
• It can be noted that in recent years, more and more cities at home and abroad have launched subway renewal planning. In the future, under the concept of green development, the application of digital twin technology in the planning, demolition, and construction stages of subway renewal and the realization of green and sustainable development of subway renewal have become urgent problems to be solved.

6. Conclusions

• By combining the accident cases, this paper discusses the inherent complexity and safety risks of subway tunnel construction in depth and emphasizes the significant advantages of digital twin technology compared with traditional technology;
• By summarizing the existing concepts, this paper proposes a specific interpretation of DT applicable to subway tunnel engineering. This explanation aims to promote the development of DT-related technologies in a more coherent way. Then, the research status of DT in the field of subway tunnel engineering is discussed in detail, and the bibliometric analysis is carried out based on CiteSpace;
• The application of DT in the field of subway tunnel engineering has been studied in depth, including the modeling method of the subway digital twin, intelligent management of the construction process, safety guarantee, operation and maintenance, and resource optimization of traffic facilities in subway stations;
• Finally, the future application prospects and value of DT in the whole lifecycle management of subways are discussed. Although DT has been widely recognized for its value and potential, there are still deficiencies in related research.

Author Contributions

Data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Zhao, Y.; Liu, Y.; Mu, E. A Review of Intelligent Subway Tunnels Based on Digital Twin Technology. Buildings 2024 , 14 , 2452. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082452

Zhao Y, Liu Y, Mu E. A Review of Intelligent Subway Tunnels Based on Digital Twin Technology. Buildings . 2024; 14(8):2452. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082452

Zhao, Yuhong, Yuhang Liu, and Enyi Mu. 2024. "A Review of Intelligent Subway Tunnels Based on Digital Twin Technology" Buildings 14, no. 8: 2452. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082452

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