state the broccoli hypothesis

Reset password New user? Sign up

Existing user? Log in

De Broglie Hypothesis

Already have an account? Log in here.

Today we know that every particle exhibits both matter and wave nature. This is called wave-particle duality . The concept that matter behaves like wave is called the de Broglie hypothesis , named after Louis de Broglie, who proposed it in 1924.

De Broglie Equation

Explanation of bohr's quantization rule.

De Broglie gave the following equation which can be used to calculate de Broglie wavelength, \(\lambda\), of any massed particle whose momentum is known:

\[\lambda = \frac{h}{p},\]

where \(h\) is the Plank's constant and \(p\) is the momentum of the particle whose wavelength we need to find.

With some modifications the following equation can also be written for velocity \((v)\) or kinetic energy \((K)\) of the particle (of mass \(m\)):

\[\lambda = \frac{h}{mv} = \frac{h}{\sqrt{2mK}}.\]

Notice that for heavy particles, the de Broglie wavelength is very small, in fact negligible. Hence, we can conclude that though heavy particles do exhibit wave nature, it can be neglected as it's insignificant in all practical terms of use.

Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a golf ball whose mass is 40 grams and whose velocity is 6 m/s. We have \[\lambda = \frac{h}{mv} = \frac{6.63 \times 10^{-34}}{40 \times 10^{-3} \times 6} \text{ m}=2.76 \times 10^{-33} \text{ m}.\ _\square\]

One of the main limitations of Bohr's atomic theory was that no justification was given for the principle of quantization of angular momentum. It does not explain the assumption that why an electron can rotate only in those orbits in which the angular momentum of the electron, \(mvr,\) is a whole number multiple of \( \frac{h}{2\pi} \).

De Broglie successfully provided the explanation to Bohr's assumption by his hypothesis.

Problem Loading...

Note Loading...

Set Loading...

Learning Materials

• Business Studies
• Combined Science
• Computer Science
• Engineering
• English Literature
• Environmental Science
• Human Geography
• Macroeconomics
• Microeconomics

Chapter 6: Problem 11

(a) State the de Broglie hypothesis. (b) Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron that has been accelerated by a potential difference of \(5.0 \mathrm{V}\) (c) Explain why precise knowledge of the wavelength of an electron implies imprecise knowledge of its position.

Short answer, step by step solution, - stating the de broglie hypothesis, - finding the relationship between kinetic energy and potential difference, - finding the momentum of the electron, - calculating the de broglie wavelength, - explaining the uncertainty principle, key concepts.

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

de Broglie wavelength

Electron momentum, heisenberg uncertainty principle, one app. one place for learning..

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Most popular questions from this chapter

The radius of an atomic nucleus is given by the expression $$R=1.2 \times A^{1 / 3} \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{m}$$ (a) Use this expression to find the density of a $$\text { nucleus of iron }\left(_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}\right) \text { in } \mathrm{kg} \mathrm{m}^{-3}$$ (b) How does this density compare with the normal density of iron? (c) If a star with a mass equal to 1.4 times the mass of our sun (solar mass \(=2.0 \times 10^{30}\) kg were to have this density, what should its radius be? (Such stars are formed in the end stage of the evolution of normal stars and are called neutron stars.)

In the text, it was stated that the reaction \(4^{1} \mathrm{H} \rightarrow_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}+2_{1}^{0} \mathrm{e}+2 v_{\mathrm{e}}+_{0}^{0} \gamma\) is the mechanism by which hydrogen in stars is converted into helium and that the reaction releases about \(26.7 \mathrm{MeV}\) of energy. The sun radiates energy at the rate of \(3.9 \times 10^{26} \mathrm{W}\) and has a mass of about \(1.99 \times 10^{30} \mathrm{kg}\), of which \(75 \%\) is hydrogen. Find out how long it will take the sun to convert \(12 \%\) of its hydrogen into helium.

State what you understand by the terms: (a) energy level; (b) atomic transition; (c) spectrum of an element.

The half-life of an isotope with a very long half-life cannot be measured by observing its activity as a function of time, since the variation in activity over any reasonable time interval would be too small to be observed. Let \(m\) be the mass in grams of a given isotope of long half-life. (a) Show that the number of nuclei present in this quantity is \(N_{0}=\frac{m}{\mu} N_{A}\) where \(\mu\) is the molar mass of the isotope in \(\mathrm{g} \mathrm{mol}^{-1}\) and \(N_{A}\) is the Avogadro constant. (b) From \(A=-\frac{d N}{d t}=\left(N_{0} \lambda\right) \mathrm{e}^{-\lambda t}\) show that the initial activity is \(A_{0}=\frac{m N_{A}}{\mu} \lambda\) and hence that the half-life can be determined by measuring the initial activity (in Bq) and the mass of the sample (in grams).

(a) What do you understand by the term ionization energy? (b) What is the ionization energy for a hydrogen atom in the state \(n=3 ?\)

Recommended explanations on Physics Textbooks

Translational dynamics, mechanics and materials, circular motion and gravitation, wave optics, solid state physics, geometrical and physical optics.

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.

Privacy overview.

State de Broglie hypothesis.

Louis de broglie, in 1924, stated that a wave is associated with a moving particle (i.e. matter) and so named these waves as matter waves. he proposed that just like light has dual nature, electrons also have wave like properties. wavelength of a moving particle is given by λ = h p where h is the planck's constant and p is the momentum of moving particle..

Snapsolve any problem by taking a picture. Try it in the Numerade app?

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

• Research Tools
• Food Safety Research Projects Database

Improving Gut Health with Broccoli

<p>To achieve the objective of this application, we will pursue the following three specific aims:</p><p> Aim 1. Determine the impact of feeding broccoli on (1) the composition and (2) metabolism of the gut microbiota and (3) dextran sulfate sodium-induced inflammation. The working hypothesis is that frequent feeding of whole broccoli alters gut microbial composition and metabolism and reduces inflammation. </p><p>Aim 2. Evaluate impact of broccoli pre-feeding on sulforaphane absorption and bioactivity, and determine if quercetin improves sulforaphane absorption. The working hypothesis is that pre-feeding broccoli, that improves glucoraphanin hydrolysis by the microbiota, will promote bioavailability and bioactivity of sulforaphane from cooked broccoli and that whole broccoli, specifically the quercetin in whole broccoli, will support sulforaphane bioavailability through suppressing efflux back into the gut lumen. </p><p>Aim 3. Identify and characterize gut microbes with thio-hydrolyzing (myrosinase) activity. The working hypothesis is that our novel high-throughput approach will enable the identification of gut microbial myrosinases. </p>

Studies are emerging showing that broccoli, known as an anti-cancer food, may also prevent inflammation. This is of significance since inflammation aggravates both the chronic diseases of aging and diseases of the colon, including cancer and colitis. Broccoli is a rich source of phytonutrients, including the glycosides of the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol, as well as glucosinolates, a group of sulfur compounds that are relatively unique to the brassica vegetables. Upon hydrolysis, glucosinolates release bioactive compounds including sulforaphane (SULFORAPHANE), which is thought to be responsible for many of the health benefits of broccoli. However, studies by us and others suggest that SULFORAPHANE is not readily absorbed from cooked broccoli due to poor deconjugation by the gut microbiota. This is of concern, since most people eat broccoli cooked and therefore may not gain the potential health benefits.Our long-term goal is to optimize the positive impact that whole broccoli has on total body health. The overall objective of this project is to determine the interaction between the gut microbiota and whole broccoli, focusing on gut health. Our central hypothesis is that frequent broccoli ingestion alters the gut microbiome, reduces gut inflammation, and improves the bioavailability and bioactivity of SULFORAPHANE. We have chosen to perform this basic research in rodents, giving the greatest flexibility to dietary manipulation and tissue sampling and evaluation.

• History & Society
• Science & Tech
• Biographies
• Animals & Nature
• Geography & Travel
• Arts & Culture
• Games & Quizzes
• On This Day
• One Good Fact
• New Articles
• Lifestyles & Social Issues
• Philosophy & Religion
• Politics, Law & Government
• World History
• Health & Medicine
• Browse Biographies
• Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates
• Bugs, Mollusks & Other Invertebrates
• Environment
• Fossils & Geologic Time
• Entertainment & Pop Culture
• Sports & Recreation
• Visual Arts
• Demystified
• Image Galleries
• Infographics
• Top Questions
• Britannica Kids
• Saving Earth
• Space Next 50
• Student Center

• When did science begin?
• Where was science invented?

scientific hypothesis

Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.

• National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - On the scope of scientific hypotheses
• LiveScience - What is a scientific hypothesis?
• The Royal Society - Open Science - On the scope of scientific hypotheses

scientific hypothesis , an idea that proposes a tentative explanation about a phenomenon or a narrow set of phenomena observed in the natural world. The two primary features of a scientific hypothesis are falsifiability and testability, which are reflected in an “If…then” statement summarizing the idea and in the ability to be supported or refuted through observation and experimentation. The notion of the scientific hypothesis as both falsifiable and testable was advanced in the mid-20th century by Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper .

The formulation and testing of a hypothesis is part of the scientific method , the approach scientists use when attempting to understand and test ideas about natural phenomena. The generation of a hypothesis frequently is described as a creative process and is based on existing scientific knowledge, intuition , or experience. Therefore, although scientific hypotheses commonly are described as educated guesses, they actually are more informed than a guess. In addition, scientists generally strive to develop simple hypotheses, since these are easier to test relative to hypotheses that involve many different variables and potential outcomes. Such complex hypotheses may be developed as scientific models ( see scientific modeling ).

Depending on the results of scientific evaluation, a hypothesis typically is either rejected as false or accepted as true. However, because a hypothesis inherently is falsifiable, even hypotheses supported by scientific evidence and accepted as true are susceptible to rejection later, when new evidence has become available. In some instances, rather than rejecting a hypothesis because it has been falsified by new evidence, scientists simply adapt the existing idea to accommodate the new information. In this sense a hypothesis is never incorrect but only incomplete.

The investigation of scientific hypotheses is an important component in the development of scientific theory . Hence, hypotheses differ fundamentally from theories; whereas the former is a specific tentative explanation and serves as the main tool by which scientists gather data, the latter is a broad general explanation that incorporates data from many different scientific investigations undertaken to explore hypotheses.

Countless hypotheses have been developed and tested throughout the history of science . Several examples include the idea that living organisms develop from nonliving matter, which formed the basis of spontaneous generation , a hypothesis that ultimately was disproved (first in 1668, with the experiments of Italian physician Francesco Redi , and later in 1859, with the experiments of French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur ); the concept proposed in the late 19th century that microorganisms cause certain diseases (now known as germ theory ); and the notion that oceanic crust forms along submarine mountain zones and spreads laterally away from them ( seafloor spreading hypothesis ).

• SMP WEDDINGS
• SMP’S VENUE BLOG
• LITTLE BLACK BOOK BLOG
• LBB INDUSTRY BLOG
• DESTINATION
• NEW ENGLAND
• THE NORTHWEST
• THE MIDWEST
• THE SOUTHWEST
• THE SOUTHEAST
• THE MID-ATLANTIC
• THE TRI-STATE AREA

Russia Weddings

• Real Weddings
• Bridal Week
• Engagements & Proposals
• Seasonal Wedding Trends
• Bridal Beauty
• Wedding Fashion Trends
• Vendor Guide
• DIY Projects
• Registry Guide
• Engagements & Proposals
• by Melissa Hammam
• comments ( )

Hands up if you’re ready to be dazzled! From a ceremony structure designed to float on water to a jaw-dropping reception room with flowers blooming from every service, we’re swooning over every bit of this wedding. If you can believe it, that’s just the beginning. Julia Kaptelova artfully shot every detail, like the ballet performance guests were treated to and snow falling from the ceiling for the first dance! Prepare to be amazed and take a visit to the full gallery .

From About You Decor … Our design is a symbol of dawn and a distant endless horizon. Ahead is a long, happy life without any borders. An international couple, Pavel and Cherry, met in London and have been walking together for many years.

From the Bride, Cherry… My husband and I we decided to have our summer wedding in Moscow because the city is where his roots are. As we knew we were going to have the other wedding ceremony in China, we wanted our Moscow one to be very personal and intimate. We’ve known each other since we were fourteen, together with many of our friends whom we’ve also known for a decade.

I didn’t want to walk down the aisle twice so the plausibility of my request quickly came into discussion. The open pontoon stage was constructed in order to facilitate the bridal entrance on water, although there were concerns about safety as the last thing we wanted was probably a drowned bride before she could get on stage, picture that! I have to say on that day it wasn’t easy to get on the pontoon stage from the boat, in my long gown and high heels. Luckily my bridesmaids still noticed even though they stood the furthest from me on the stage, and helped me out without prior rehearsal. My girls could just tell whenever I needed a hand or maybe they were just so used to my clumsiness. Who knows 😂

We all love our photographer Julia! She’s so talented and her style is so unique. Our beloved host Alex is exceptional who made everyone laugh and cry. It was truly a blessing to have so many kind and beautiful souls on our big day. Thank you all!

[iframe https://player.vimeo.com/video/384992271 600 338]

Photography: Julia Kaptelova Photography | Wedding Planner: Caramel | Cake: Any Cake | Invitations: Inviteria | Rings: Harry Winston | Band: Menhouzen | Grooms attire: Ermenegildo Zegna | Wedding Venue: Elizaveta Panichkina | Bridesmaids’ dresses: Marchesa | Bridesmaids’ dresses: Alice McCall | Bride’s gown : Jaton Couture | Bride’s shoes: Manolo Blahnik | Decor : About you decor | Earrings: Damiani | Muah: Khvanaco Studio | Video: Artem Korchagin

More Princess-Worthy Ballgowns

I’m still not convinced this Moscow wedding, captured to perfection by  Sonya Khegay , isn’t actually an inspiration session—it’s just  that breathtaking. From the beautiful Bride’s gorgeous lace wedding dress and flawless hair and makeup to the pretty pastel color palette and stunning ceremony and reception spaces, this wedding is almost too good to be true. Do yourself a favor and see it all in The Vault now!

From Sonya Khegay … It was the last day of April and still very cold in the morning. The weather forecast wasn’t pleasing and no one expected that the sun would come out, but miracles happen and light rain gave way to the warm rays.

I love how all the details went together, you could feel the harmony in everything throughout the entire wedding day from the morning until the fireworks.

A gentle look of the bride, elegant but so airy and unique decor, the fresh and light atmosphere of early spring and, of course, true happiness in the eyes. My heart becomes so warm from these memories, it is always a pleasure to see the birth of a new family of two loving hearts.

Photography: Sonya Khegay | Event Design: Latte Decor | Event Planning: Ajur Wedding | Floral Design: Blush Petals | Wedding Dress: La Sposa | Stationery: Special Invite | Bride's Shoes: Gianvito Rossi | Hair + Makeup: Natalie Yastrebova | Venue: Rodniki Hotel

• by Elizabeth Greene

You really can’t go wrong with simple: a beautiful Bride , perfectly pretty petals , loved ones all around. But add in an amazing firework show  to cap off the night and simple just became downright extraordinary. Captured by Lena Elisseva , with assistance by  Katya Butenko , this rustic Russian celebration is simply fantastic. See it all in the Vault right here !

From Lena Eliseeva Photo …  This cozy and warm summer wedding of gorgeous Natalia and Anton was in the middle of June. The young couple decided to organize their wedding themselves, and the day was very personal and touching. I am absolutely in love with rustic outdoor weddings, and this one is my favourite because of the free and easy atmosphere.

All the decor excluding the bride’s bouquet was made by a team of ten friends of the bride and groom. And it was charming – a light and beautiful arch, eco-style polygraphy and succulents, candy-bar with caramel apples and berries – sweet joys of summer.

At the end of ceremony the guests tossed up white handkerchiefs embroidered by Natalia’s own hands.

The most touching moment was the happy eyes of the groom’s grandmother, the most estimable person on the wedding. And the fireworks were a bright end to that beautiful day.

Photography: LENA ELISEEVA PHOTO | Floral Design: Katerina Kazakova | Hair And Makeup: Svetlana Fischeva | Photography - Assistance: Katya Butenko

These photos from Lena Kozhina are so stunningly beautiful – as in you can’t help but stop and stare – it’s hard to believe it’s real life. But these pics are proof of this gorgeous Bride and her handsome Groom’s celebration at Moscow’s Fox Lodge , surrounded by vibrant colors and breathtaking blooms . Oh, and the idea of prepping for your Big Day outside in the sun ? Brilliant. See more bright ideas right here !

From Lena Kozhina … When we met with the couple for the first time, we immediately paid attention to Dima’s behavior towards Julia. There was a feeling of tenderness and awe, and we immediately wanted to recreate this atmosphere of love, care and warmth on their Big Day.

Later, when we had chosen a green meadow and an uncovered pavilion overlooking a lake as the project site, it only highlighted a light summer mood with colorful florals and a great number of natural woods. The name of the site is Fox Lodge and peach-orange color, as one of the Bride’s favorites, set the tone for the whole design – from the invitations, in which we used images of fox cubs to elements of serving guest tables and other decorative elements with the corresponding bright accents.

Photography: Lena Kozhina | Event Planning: Ajur Wedding | Wedding Dress: Rosa Clara | Shoes: Marc Jacobs | Catering: Fox Lodge | Makeup Artist: Elena Otrembskaya | Wedding Venue: Fox Lodge | Cake and Desserts: Yumbaker | Decor: Latte Decor

From Our Partners

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base

Methodology

• How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

Published on May 6, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection .

Example: Hypothesis

Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits.

Table of contents

What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses

Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more types of variables .

• An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls.
• A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.

If there are any control variables , extraneous variables , or confounding variables , be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances that research bias  will affect your results.

In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Step 1. ask a question.

Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.

Step 2. Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to ensure that you’re embarking on a relevant topic . This can also help you identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalize more complex constructs.

Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.

4. Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:

• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in  if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.

6. Write a null hypothesis

If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .

• H 0 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect on their final exam scores.
• H 1 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores.

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting

Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

• Academic style
• Vague sentences
• Style consistency

See an example

A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Null and alternative hypotheses are used in statistical hypothesis testing . The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2023, November 20). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 16, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/hypothesis/

Is this article helpful?

Shona McCombes

Other students also liked, construct validity | definition, types, & examples, what is a conceptual framework | tips & examples, operationalization | a guide with examples, pros & cons, what is your plagiarism score.

Barvikha Weather Forecast

Air temperature,

Average wind speed,

Wind gusts,

Wind direction

Birch pollen, points

Grass pollen, points

Ragweed pollen, points

Precipitation in liquid equivalent, mm

Falling snow, cm

Snow depth, cm

Relative humidity, %

UV Index, points

G/m activity, Kp-index

View prices for your travel dates

Reviews we perform checks on reviews. tripadvisor’s approach to reviews before posting, each tripadvisor review goes through an automated tracking system, which collects information, answering the following questions: how, what, where and when. if the system detects something that potentially contradicts our community guidelines , the review is not published. when the system detects a problem, a review may be automatically rejected, sent to the reviewer for validation, or manually reviewed by our team of content specialists, who work 24/7 to maintain the quality of the reviews on our site. our team checks each review posted on the site disputed by our community as not meeting our community guidelines . learn more about our review moderation..

Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.

KENTI - Reviews, Photos