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Top 15 Websites for Coding Challenges and Competitions

Starting the journey of programming and competitive coding , every coder wants to test himself/herself in the waters. To do so, he/she has to participate in various competitive coding challenges and competitions. But the challenge that every coder faces in the beginning of the journey is which website to go for such coding challenges and competitions, which is the best website for coding challenges, what is the benefit of attending a competitive coding competition, and many more.

In this article, we’ve covered the questions beginners and advanced coders often ask when looking for coding challenges and competitions. We’ve made a list of the top 15 best coding challenges websites that are great for both beginners and more experienced users. Whether you’re just starting out or already know a lot, this article is helpful. It tells you where to find challenges to practice and improve your coding skills. So, check it out and start getting better at coding today!

Table of Content

Top 15 websites for Coding Challenges and Competitions

1. geeksforgeeks, 2.  the acm-icpc international collegiate programming competitions, 3. google kick start, 4. google code jam, 5. google hash code, 6. the icfp programming competitions, 7. facebook hacker cup, 8. microsoft imagine cup, 9. codeforces coding competitions, 10. codechef coding competitions, 11. topcoder coding competitions, 12. atcoder coding competitions, 13. hackerearth, 14. hackerrank, 15. leetcode.

Whether you’re just starting out and want to learn with fun games, or you’re a pro ready for tough challenges, there’s a website for you. We’ve got beginner-friendly sites like CodeCombat, as well as more advanced ones like HackerRank and LeetCode.

So pick a website, start coding, and see how good you can be!

Here are the top 15 coding websites/contests for competitive programming:

GeeksForGeeks organizes a bunch of programming contests every month through the practice portal which includes a number of job-a-thons for freshers to get hiring opportunities in a significant number of companies. Besides, there are many other monthly, weekly and daily basis challenges hosted regularly on the websites such as:

• Monthly Job-a-thon : It is a contest for individual participants. Participants get the opportunity to get hired by a bunch of companies that shortlist for interviews as per their own criteria.
• Bi-Wizard Coding : A coding competition exclusively for students. The top 100 students get chances of winning exciting rewards and also access to free courses.
• Aim GATE : A monthly challenge that is a great opportunity for GATE aspirants to judge their preparations.
• Interview Series : A weekly challenge that gives a great opportunity for aspirants to practice a lot of questions based on important data structure and algorithms concepts for the preparation of interviews.
• Problem of the Day : A new problem every day to strengthen the base of data structure and algorithm.

The key features about the contests are as follows:

• Chances of winning exciting rewards, GeeksForGeeks merchandise .
• Access to free courses .
• Chances of getting letter of recommendation from the CEO .

The International Collegiate Programming Contest is an algorithmic programming contest for college students. Teams of three, representing their university, work to solve the most real-world problems, fostering collaboration, creativity, innovation, and the ability to perform under pressure. Through training and competition, teams challenge each other to raise the bar on the possibility. Quite simply, it is the oldest, largest, and most prestigious programming contest in the world. Some interesting stats about ACM-ICPC are:

• It is spread across 80 countries
• The registration for the contest in India starts generally in August .
• The regionals in India are held generally in December
• The winner of the world finals gets an award of $15000 , each continental champion also receives awards. There are also prizes for being the first solver of a problem

Refer to our complete guide on How to prepare for ACM – ICPC to begin your ACM-ICPC journey.

Google Kick Start is a global online coding competition, consisting of three-hour rounds of a variety of algorithmic challenges designed by Google engineers. Participants can compete in one or all online rounds held throughout the year, and will have the opportunity to develop and grow their programming abilities while getting a glimpse into the technical skills needed for a career at Google. Some important facts about Google Kick Start are:

• It consists of 8 online coding rounds.
• The winner gets cash prizes .
• Top participants may be invited to interview at Google .

Refer to our complete guide on How to prepare for Google Kick Start to begin your Google Kick Start journey.

Google Code Jam is Google’s prestigious coding competition, a global battleground that urges all programmers to showcase their coding skills. A thrilling opportunity for all code-lovers, Google Coding Jam is a one-of-a-kind platform where programmers are pitted against each other and against time by putting their coding skills to the test. The champion gets the coveted Google Code Jam winning title and cash prize of $15,000 !

The Google Coding Jam comprises several rounds and a Code Jam World final. Each round brings with it challenging algorithmic problems; contestants have to pass each of these preliminary rounds, and finally, a total of 25 coding wizards reach the end game to fight for the cherished champion’s title.

You can also see and try previous year’s problems from our Google Code Jam archive page.

Hash Code is a team programming competition, organized by Google, for students and professionals around the world. You pick your team and programming language and we pick an engineering problem for you to solve. This year’s contest kicks off with a Qualification Round, where your team can compete virtually from wherever you’d like, alongside your virtual Hub. Top teams will then be invited to compete in our virtual World Finals. Some facts about Google Hash Code are:

• Registration generally starts in February .
• Winners get cash prize of $4000 .

You can also see and try previous year’s problems from their Google Hash Code archive page.

The International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP) has been held annually since 1998. It is a challenging three-day open programming competition for which there is no entry fee. The enthusiast can participate from any location without any size limit for team formation. The team will be given 72 hours to complete and submit their entry through the internet. The aim of this competition is to showcase the programming languages and tools that the participants admire the most. This is one of the top programming competitions to apply for.  The ICFP for 2022 will be from 11th to 16th September .

Hacker Cup is Facebook’s annual open programming competition which is open across the world for participants. This is one of the top programming competitions to apply for. These coding competitions focus on problem-solving and algorithmic coding skills to advance through every year’s online rounds, and after making it to the global finals they will be earning the grand prize. Some facts about Facebook Hacker Cup:

• It consists of 4 online rounds which include Qualification round, round 1, round 2, round 3 and one onsite final round .
• All of the 25 finalists get cash prizes .

Refer to our complete guide on How to prepare for Facebook Hacker Cup to begin your Facebook Hacker Cup journey.

Microsoft Imagine Cup is held annually. The program invites participants to take on real-world problems that are submitted by NGOs, IGOs , and nonprofit organizations that can then take on as part of the Imagine Cup project. The main idea behind conducting such coding competitions and programming competitions is to code with a purpose that can help create new solutions. Some important facts about Microsoft Imagine Cup:

• You must be at least 16 years old and actively registered as a student .
• Students participate in a team of maximum 4 persons .
• There are cash prizes and other benefits like training and mentorship from experts for global finalists.
• There are also three regional finals.

Codeforces is a website that hosts competitive programming competitions. It is one of the most popular websites for its exciting features. This is one of the top programming competitions to apply for. The polygon feature for creating and testing problems and social networking through internal public blogs. The participants are divided into ranks based on their ratings.

The best thing about Codeforces is that the contests are regularly conducted here as every month they organize nearly 6 contests. Also, participation in the contests is free and open to everybody.

 Codeforces offers various types of coding challenges and features such as:

• Short format Contests with a duration of 2 hours .
• Educational Contests of 2-2.5 hours duration are conducted 2-4 times in a month.
• You can challenge or hack other contestants’ solutions as well.
• You can also solve problems from previous contests for learning objectives.

Refer to our complete guide on Best Tips to Get Started with Codeforces to begin your Codeforces journey.

CodeChef organizes programming competitions at the start of every month and conducts two smaller programming contests at the middle and end of the month. It also offers various algorithm tutorials and forum discussions to help your journey in computer programming more easily.

There are four types of contest Codechef host:

• The Starters
• The Long Challenge
• The Cook-Off
• The LunchTime

Refer to our complete guide on How to become a 4 star coder on Codechef in only 3 contests to help you kickstart your Codechef journey.

Topcoder is a crowdsourcing company with a global community of developers, designers, data scientists, and competitive programmers . These coding competitions are conducted twice a year and are held both online and offline. The participants take challenges from across the world from all the leading brands such as Google, IBM, and eBay . They also conduct individual matches online every week that can help participants gain experience and do well in the competition.

AtCoder is a programming contest website based in Japan. From this weekend, we will provide problem statements in both English and Japanese and AtCoder will be an international programming competition! There are three types of official contests in AtCoder:

• AtCoder Grand Contest (AGC) . This is our best contest. The problems will have high originality and require interesting observations.
• AtCoder Regular Contest (ARC) . The problems may be a bit typical compared to AGC problems, but still, we think most of you can enjoy them and they are good for practice.
• AtCoder Beginner Contest (ABC ). This is mainly targeted at those who are new to competitive programming. The problems will be easy and educational.

HackerEarth is an Indian software company headquartered in San Francisco, US, that provides enterprise software that helps organizations with their technical hiring needs. HackerEarth is used by organizations for technical skill assessment and remote video interviewing. All challenges organized by HackerEarth are listed on the Challenges Page. These challenges can be divided into the following categories. Monthly Programming Contests: Currently they have 3 monthly contests based on difficulty level. 1st of every month from 21:30 IST (16:00 UTC) to Midnight for a duration of 2 hours & 30 minutes. The website offers thoughtful challenges mostly good for experienced programmers. They host monthly coding challenges and hackathons. Their challenge Code Monk is quite popular among programmers. ThoughtWorks , Amazon , Accenture , Walmart Labs , IBM , and Intuit are some leading companies of HackerEarth.

HackerRank is a competitive coding platform where it allows you to practice various coding problems and participate in many challenges. It provides various hackathons, and coding challenges and some companies conduct their hiring test here. The platform also gives you badges by solving challenges on the HackerRank website, and these badges will be added to your profile. This is one of the top programming competitions to apply for.

Leetcode is one of the largest tech communities with more than millions of active users. It offers various weekly and biweekly programming competitions for the participants. This also helps in job interview preparation; discussions are also provided on LeetCode. It hosts contests for 90 minutes where you can solve the challenges in their online editor, aka, playground in any one of the supported programming languages.

Conclusion:

Though the above mentioned coding websites are very common, there are other websites as well that are widely used by other users worldwide for coding practice and challenges, such as:

• Khan Academy
• and many others.

Related Posts:

• What Are The Best Resources For Competitive Programming?
• Stuck in Programming: Get The Solution From These 10 Best Websites
• 10 Best Coding Games to Advance Your Programming Skills  

Top 15 Websites for Coding Challenges and Competitions – FAQs

What are coding challenges.

Coding competitions are essentially mind sports where participants compete by writing computer programs to solve specific problems. They can be a fantastic way to sharpen your programming skills , test your problem-solving abilities, and even win prizes!

Where can I find coding competitions to participate in?

Whether you’re new to coding or already skilled, there’s a competition that suits you! Beginners can practice on platforms like CodeCombat and Khan Academy. Intermediate coders can try HackerRank and LeetCode. Advanced coders can join prestigious competitions like TopCoder, Google Code Jam, or Facebook Hacker Cup. Good luck and happy coding!.

How can I prepare for coding competitions?

To prep for coding competitions: master your language( Python, C++ , or Java) , practice on sites like HackerRank, LeetCode; focus on efficient algorithms( DSA ). Learn debugging, optimize code, get comfy with IDEs. Boost your skills for success!

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Cisco Blogs / Executive Platform / Announcing the Cisco Global Problem Solver Challenge 2022 Winners

Executive Platform

Announcing the cisco global problem solver challenge 2022 winners, francine katsoudas.

Cisco’s purpose is to Power an Inclusive Future for All, and pursuing our Purpose means we continually look to evolve and expand the positive impact we have on people and the planet. An essential aspect of accelerating our impact is supporting the next generation of visionaries using technology for social good.

I am honored to announce the winners of the sixth annual  Cisco Global Problem Solver Challenge , who will share a prize pool of $1 million. The Challenge is an online competition for early-stage tech entrepreneurs solving the world’s most challenging problems.

Over the past six years, Cisco’s Global Problem Solver Challenge has engaged some of the brightest minds around the world, generated strong competition for truly innovative solutions, and garnered a reputation for excellence. Since 2017, we’ve awarded $3.25 million USD to 78 start-ups in 25 countries. Ninety percent of past winners report that winning  served as a catalyst to the growth  of their organization.

This year’s competition generated nearly 1,200 submissions from teams in 99 countries. From this amazing array of teams and ideas, 15 winning teams were selected from 10 countries, including five not represented among previous winners: Australia, Colombia, Denmark, Ireland, and Pakistan. We are also thrilled to report that 67 percent of our 2022 winners have a woman founder.

In response to the growing urgency to respond to the climate crisis, this year we introduced five new Climate Impact and Regeneration Prizes totaling $300,000 USD. These prizes recognize solutions that can reduce or remove greenhouse gas (GHG) from the environment or regenerate depleted ecosystems.

I would like to personally thank all the entrepreneurs who submitted innovative solutions as part of this year’s competition. Your ideas, determination, and passion for helping people and the planet are truly inspirational.

I am thrilled to announce the following 15 winners of the 2022 Cisco Global Problem Solver Challenge !

Grand Prize: Drop Access

($250,000 USD)

Drop Access (Kenya) developed VacciBox, a portable, low-cost solar-powered fridge for use in healthcare facilities that don’t have a reliable cold chain to store vaccines. Coupled with an online application for remote monitoring and data collection, the fridge utilizes Internet of Things (IoT) technology. VacciBox is a versatile solution that eases vaccine distribution and management, and increases access to life-saving vaccines. Their solution has more than tripled vaccination rates at a rural health care center in Kenya.

Climate Impact & Regeneration Prize: A2P Energy Solution

($100,000 USD)

A2P Energy Solution (India) created an AI-based platform called Carbon2Climate that identifies biomass burning points across India so crop residues can be collected, converted into biofuel, and sold to buyers. This substantially reduces greenhouse gas emissions and increases farmers’ incomes. Carbon2Climate also collects satellite images that document the volume of biomass collected instead of burned to calculate the resulting carbon impact.

Regional First Runners-Up

($75,000 USD each)

Beamlink (United States) tackles the issue of connectivity during a natural disaster by deploying mesh networks of small, portable cell towers that are affordable, power-efficient, easy-to-setup, and automatically connect to one another. This solution provides an alternative to bringing in cell towers on trucks or flying in engineers to repair existing towers.

PowerWells (Australia) addresses the dual global problems of electronic waste management and lack of access to basic electricity. PowerWells does this by repurposing electronic waste as the materials for constructing small-scale solar power systems, which are then used for basic electricity provision in communities that don’t otherwise have electricity — effectively leveraging each problem as part of a solution for the other.

PurCity (Denmark) developed a patented, sustainable, and highly efficient self-cleaning air purification system (GapS) that directly captures carbon (CO2), cleans air, and produces sellable CO2 byproducts. Each 3 m­2 of GapS panels is estimated to directly capture 22 Tons of CO2/building (equivalent to 1,013 mature trees carbon capture/year) as well as contributing to saving 10-20% Energy Consumption in the building annually.

HBCU Startup Prize:  Salveo Innovations

($50,000 USD)

Climate Impact & Regeneration Prize Runners-Up

($50,000 USD, each)

Farm to Flame Energy (United States) builds electricity generators that use biomass waste as fuel. These proprietary electricity generators integrate seamlessly into the existing infrastructure of commercial-scale buildings, providing a global solution that can enable grid decarbonization.

Katchi Technologies (Canada) designed a replacement fish net system that eliminates contact with the ocean floor and reduces greenhouse emissions. Fishers are able to harvest more sustainably with less impact on the environment and untargeted species, allowing fish habitats to recover and less fish to be unnecessarily killed and wasted.

Unergy (Colombia) created a decentralized platform that allows anyone to invest and consume clean energy. The team’s solution unites people through their collaborative platform who want to invest in sustainability with those who want to control their energy and reduce costs.

Working Trees (United States) developed a technology platform that leverages smartphone camera and LiDAR, satellite data, and machine learning models to democratize access to carbon markets for farmers of all sizes, making it possible for farmers to get paid for the carbon stored in the trees.

Second Runners-Up

M-SCAN (Uganda) created a portable power-efficient ultrasound device that works on laptops, tablets, and mobile phones. Since traditional ultrasound machines are very expensive, this solution helps bridge the gap in low-resource regions like Sub-Saharan Africa.

Positive Carbon (Ireland) designed food waste sensors that monitor a kitchen’s food waste. This shows businesses exactly what food they’re wasting and how to reduce it, allowing them to cut their food waste in half, reducing their food bills, and helping the planet all at the same time.

WonderTree (Pakistan) transforms physiotherapy, education, and cognitive development exercises into interactive games that can be played on a computer. Their affordable & accessible solution works in schools and home settings and doesn’t require skilled operators.

People’s Choice Award: Afriagrimark

($10,000 USD)

Afriagrimark (Kenya) is a Geo-location marketplace connecting truckers to vendors for immediate vegetable delivery from farmers, cutting transportation costs, delivery time, and post-harvest losses. Combining distributed ledger and AI to synchronize information in real-time ensures traceability and quality.

Cisco Employees’ Choice Award: Asbah

($15,000 USD)

Asbah (India) aims to provide affordable and clean drinking water to underserved communities by setting up community water filtration plants. The water is dispensed with the help of rechargeable digitized Asbah cards, and the plant is managed by two women entrepreneurs.

Please check out our blog series featuring each winning team! Cisco Global Problem Solver Challenge  

Executive Vice President

Chief people, policy & purpose officer, 20 comments.

I’m so happy for the winners and proud that Cisco provides opportunities for the winners to continue to grow and do amazing things for people and our planet.

Kudos to all the participants and winners. It’s heartening to know that our people are still striving to solve most basic human problems.

This is awesome! Congrats to all!

Well done to all 2022 winners!

Let us be the solution to global problems.

Fantastic ideas! Thanks to all participants for their passion and for being an inspiration. Congratulations to all!

Congratulations to all the winners. Bravo CISCO

So proud of all the solutions Cisco has enabled through the GPS Challenge – each year is better and better! Congrats to all the winners and thanks to all the employees who volunteered as judges!

Congratulations to all winners, i participated but gained experience although i didn’t win as others’ innovations were better than mine. Very proud of all winners. Keep shining

Warm congratulations to all the winning teams across the nations. We are proud of the Kenya and Uganda teams that represented Africa. The message here is for us as individuals and governments to be conscious, deliberate and have the will power to rescue our planet from actions and activities of men causing damage and health hazards to the ecosystem. Thanks to Cisco over the years for sponsoring and supporting a campaign and advocacy to save the Earth and to promote innovation in solving socio-economic and environmental problems.

Congrats to the winners

Good innovations to improve our lives from community level to the whole world. Congratulations!

Amazing ideas and outcomes! Congratulations to each of our winners, we are and you should be so proud!

The most beautiful thing in the world is to put these solutions these inventors deserve these prizes good luck.

Thank you Cisco for giving these prizes to the winners.

thanks facebook team

Taking responsibility for our world, one solution at a time, love it!

I’m in indeed happy for the winner, and also appreciate the team. I also interested to work with you as a volunteer.

I’m indeed happy for the winner, and also appreciate the team. I also interested to work with you as a volunteer.

BRAVO!,AFRIAGRIMARK FOR REPRESENTING KENYA IN THE BEST WAY POSSIBLE.THANKS FOR YOUR DEDICATION.

Comments are closed.

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Cisco Global Problem Solver Challenge

Solving the world's toughest problems

The Cisco Global Problem Solver Challenge is an online competition that awards cash prizes to early-stage tech entrepreneurs solving the world's toughest problems. We are passionate about inspiring a generation that wants to use technology for social good.

• The official Challenge website

Meet Drop Access

The Grand Prize winner of the 2022 Cisco Global Problem Solver Challenge developed a portable, low-cost solar-powered fridge for use in healthcare facilities that don't have a reliable cold chain to store vaccines.

2022 Cisco Global Problem Solver Challenge winners

The Challenge is an online competition that awards cash prizes to early-stage tech entrepreneurs solving the world's most challenging problems.

• Discover more

Meet Savanna Circuit Tech

The Cisco Global Problem Solver Challenge 2020 Grand Prize winner developed a solar chilling in-transit system that helps dairy businesses in Africa cut post-harvest losses.

Meet CareNX

Delivering life-saving fetal health monitoring in remote areas of India through mobile technology.

• Explore more

Oorja finances, installs, and operates pay-as-you-go community solar pumps. Farmers access year-round affordable irrigation as a service—known as Oonnati—with no upfront cost.

• Read more about the winners

ESG Reporting Hub and 2023 Cisco Purpose Report

Cisco is putting people, technology, and resources toward Powering an Inclusive Future for All, where everyone has the opportunity to thrive. Visit our Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Reporting Hub.

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Top 10 Coding Competitions to Participate in 2022 and 2023

Coding competitions are brain games where developers are expected to resolve a real-world problem with the best possible solution, in a limited time. Coding competitions are mostly conducted in a virtual setting so that people across the world can participate in these competitions. Every coder faces challenges at the beginning of the journey regarding which website to go to for such coding challenges and competitions. Coding and programming competitions include hackathons too, which are the best ways to improve your productivity. Here are the top 10 Coding competitions to participate in in 2022 and 2023.

Bits Pilani apogee junior Codefest 2022: Competitions are a great way to enhance your coding skills and proficiency. They offer a hands-on learning experience. Coding hackathons are designed to inspire, motivate and engage students to learn to code.

HackerRank: HackerRank is a competitive coding platform where it allows you to practice various coding problems and participate in many challenges. It provides various, coding challenges and some companies conduct their hiring tests here. The platform also gives you badges by solving challenges on the HackerRank website.

BIT Mesra Junior Hackathon: It is an online coding hackathon where students can participate individually.  They also conduct individual matches online every week that can help participants gain experience and do well in the competition.

Google Kick Start: Google Kick Start is a global online coding competition. Participants can compete in one or all online rounds held throughout the year, and will have the opportunity to develop and grow their programming abilities while getting a glimpse into the technical skills needed for a career at Google

HPE CodeWars 2022 Code Battle: Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) in partnership with Codingal is hosting the virtual coding competition HPE CodeWars 2022 Code Battle, a coding challenge for Grade 8-12 students. The students will need to solve coding problems using any programming language: C, C++, Java, or Python.

IIT Roorkee Young Coders Hackathon: They offer hands-on learning and let you apply your computer science learning, ideas, and creativity. Here is an opportunity to improve your coding skills and compete with the best coders out there.

LeetCode: LeetCode is one of the largest tech communities with more than millions of active users. This also helps in job interview preparation; discussions are also provided on LeetCode. It hosts contests for 90minutes where you can solve coding challenges.

Google's Coding Competitions: Google's coding competitions are very exciting, and challenging and can test the coder's knowledge across the world. These coding competitions are held as three contests every year and Google Code Jam is an annual programming competition where participants are asked to solve problems in a limited amount of time. This google coding competition helps to accelerate your knowledge better.

Codechef Coding Competitions: CodeChef organizes coding competitions at the start of every month and conducts two smaller coders at the middle and end of the month. It also offers various algorithm tutorials and forum discussions to help your journey in coding

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$1 Million USD in Prizes

Calling all #techforgood startups, how can your early-stage innovative technology solution solve the world’s most pressing social and environmental problems, power an inclusive future for all.

Cisco is committed to positively impacting 1 billion people by 2025. As part of our work, we seek to inspire and empower a generation of global problem solvers who will not only survive – but thrive – in our increasingly digital economy. With digital technologies connecting devices and data, good ideas now have the ability to make a difference more quickly than ever before – and we’re here to help.

Our 6th Cisco Global Problem Solver Challenge aims to recognize new business ideas that leverage technology for social impact from early-stage entrepreneurs around the world. 

$1,000,000 USD in prize money will help accelerate the adoption of breakthrough technology, products, and services that drive economic development and/or solve social or environmental problems.

Congratulations to all the winners and thank you to every participant! Read our 2022 winner's announcement , and watch the awards show . 

$250,000 usd grand prize.

A single team will be designated the grand prize winner.

$75,000 USD Regional First Runners-Up

Three teams from around the world (Americas, EMEA and APJC) will be designated the regional first runners-up and will receive $75,000 USD each.

$50,000 USD Second Runners-Up

Three teams will be designated the second runners-up and will receive $50,000 USD each.

$10,000 USD People's Choice

The finalist entry that receives the most votes will receive the People’s Choice Award.

$15,000 USD Cisco Employees' Choice

The finalist entry that receives the most votes will receive the Cisco Employees' Choice Award.

Special Prizes

$100,000 usd climate impact & regeneration prize.

A single team will be designated as the winner of this prize.

$50,000 USD Climate Impact & Regeneration Prize Runners-Up

Four teams will be designated as the winners of this prize.

$50,000 USD HBCU Startup Prize

More detail about the prizes can found here .

Why should you participate?

In addition to a cash infusion to develop your solution, it will be reviewed by Cisco technology experts and high-profile judges. You’ll receive peer and industry validation for your solution, as well as have a great opportunity for global recognition and publicity. 

Should you enter?

Want more information about the $1M USD Cisco Global Problem Solver Challenge or tips on how to produce a winning pitch video? Watch our most recent webinar, where a team of experts share best practices and answer questions about the Challenge. Watch here . 

Applications Open

Applications close feb 11 at 5 pm pt, semi-finalists invited to submit, semi-finalist submissions close may 20 at 5 pm pt, finalists announced and people's choice voting opens, people's choice voting closes, winners announced, by the numbers.

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Associate Professor Steven Halim, one of the authors of Competitive Programming book is the new director of NUS Centre for Nurturing Computing Excellence (CeNCE)

Also, we are collecting testimonials for CP4 that may be used for CP5 preface (the more impressive your testimonial, the more likely it will be used). FAQ: We may (or may not) eventually release our CP5 draft (we will only do so after we decide that the delta is sufficient, as of mid 2024, the delta is too small).

News (19 August 2022)

Finally, after two years and one month of exclusive printed-book only (19 July 2020-19 August 2022), we (CP4 book authors, Felix Halim, Suhendry Effendy) have decided to sell the (same) PDF source as eBook. There is no edit compared to the version published in 2020 (i.e., these two PDFs are the original version published back in 19 July 2020), but all known errata has been listed at Errata section.

So if your country/region does not have access to lulu distribution centers or if the shipping cost is too much to bear or if the printed font size is too small for your liking (but you have Internet access and credit card), then pick these alternative options:

• Buy Book 1 (eBook/PDF)
• Buy Book 2 (eBook/PDF)

PS: The eBook versions are 2 USD cheaper than the printed versions.

This is the companion web site for a book: "Competitive Programming 4: The Lower Bound of Programming Contests in the 2020s" (click here for details) and its three past editions written by myself ( Steven Halim - UVa status , Kattis status , and also Clist open kattis status ), my younger brother ( Felix Halim - UVa status , Kattis status ), and my friend (Suhendry Effendy - UVa status , Kattis status ) in 2010 - present. This book is used in my course in School of Computing , National University of Singapore : CS3233 - Competitive Programming (2009-present) and available for wider audiences since 2010. This book contains a collection of competitive programming skills gained by solving more than 3900+ UVa (1999-present) plus Kattis (2015-present) online judge problems and being involved in the ICPCs (since 2001) and the IOIs (since 2009) in various roles: contestants (long ago), coaches/team leaders, judges/scientific committee members, ICPC Regional and Championship Contest Director (2015, 2018, 2025), and/or IOI International Committee member (2020-2021).

Our objective in writing this book is similar with the IOI objective+ICPC vision: to further improve humanity by training current students to be more competitive in programming contests. The possible long term effect is future Computer Science researchers who are well versed in problem solving skills. We use C++ (primary), Python (secondary), Java (tertiary), and OCaml (optional) code to illustrate the algorithmic concepts, i.e., we dislike vague pseudo-code commonly found in many other Computer Science textbooks. We also built and heavily use our-own visualization tool: VisuAlgo to help explain the data structure and algorithm concepts to our book readers and beyond.

Target Audiences

This Competitive Programming book, 4th edition (CP4) is a must have for every competitive programmer. Mastering the contents of this book is a necessary (but admittedly not sufficient) condition if one wishes to take a leap forward from being just another ordinary coder to being among one of the world's finest competitive programmers.

• Secondary or High School Students who are competing in the annual International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI) (including the National or Provincial Olympiads) as Book 1 covers most of the current IOI Syllabus,
• Casual University students who are using this book as supplementary material for typical Data Structures and Algorithms courses,
• Anyone who wants to prepare for typical fundamental data structure/algorithm part of a job interview at top IT companies.
• University students who are competing in the annual International Collegiate Programming Contest (ICPC) Regional Contests (including the Region Championship and the World Finals) as Book 2 covers much more Computer Science topics that have appeared in the ICPCs,
• Teachers or Coaches who are looking for comprehensive training materials,
• Anyone who loves solving problems through computer programs. There are numerous programming contests for those who are no longer eligible for ICPC, including Codeforces contest, Meta (Facebook) Hacker Cup (2011-present), Topcoder Open (2001-2023), Google Code Jam (2003-2022), Internet Problem Solving Contest (IPSC) (1999-2018), etc.

Forewords for CP4

"The authors are seasoned competitive programming experts who have dedicated decades of work to help at all levels of the sport." — Bill Poucher , ICPC Executive Director and President of ICPC Foundation Read

"Steven, Felix, Suhendry in the past two decades, have grown from contestants, to coaches and, finally, masters in the art of competitive programming." — Miguel Revilla Rodríquez , (UVa) Online Judge Manager Read

"'Competitive Programming' and Kattis share this motivating principle: to make learning computer science and programming accessible for everyone." — Fredrik Niemelä , Founder of Kattis Read

"Both academia and industry are now filled with present-day superstars who were formerly superstars in competitive programming." — Brian Christopher Dean , Director, USA Computing Olympiad Read

Selected Testimonials for CP1/2/3

"Competitive Programming 3 has contributed immensely to my understanding of data structures & algorithms. Steven & Felix have created an incredible book that thoroughly covers every aspect of competitive programming, and have included plenty of practice problems to make sure each topic sinks in. Practicing with CP3 has helped me nail job interviews at Google, and I can't thank Steven & Felix enough!"

"Steven and Felix are passionate about competitive programming. Just as importantly, they are passionate about helping students become better programmers. CP3 is the result: a dauntless dive into the data structures, algorithms, tips, and secrets used by competitive programmers around the world. Yet, when the dust settles on the book, the strongest sillage is likely to be one of confidence---that, yes, this stuff is challenging, but that you can do it."

"CP-Book helped us to train many generations of ICPC and IOI participants for Bolivia. It's the best source to start and reach a good level to be a competitive programmer."

"Reading CP3 has been a major contributor to my growth, not just as a competitive programmer, but also as a computer scientist. My entire approach to problem solving has been improved by doing the exercises in the book; my passion for the art of problem solving, especially in contest environments, has been intensified. I now mentor several students using this book as a guide. It is an invaluable resource to anyone who wants to be a better problem solver."

"I rediscovered CP3 book on 2017-2019 when I come back to Peru after my master in Brazil, I enjoyed, learned and solved many problems, more than during my undergraduate, coaching and learning together in small group of new students that are interesting in competitive programming. It kept me in a constantly competition with them, at the end they have solved more problems than me."

"CP1 helped my preparation during national team training and selection for participating the IOI. When I took the competitive programming course in NUS, CP2 book is extensively used for practice and homework. The good balance between the programming and theoretic exercises for deeper understanding in the book makes CP book a great book to be used for course references, as well as for individual learning. Even at the top competitive programming level, experts can still learn topics they have not learnt before thanks to the rare miscellaneous topics at the end of the book."

"Dr. Steven Halim is one of the best professors I have had in NUS. His intuitive visualizations and clear explanations of highly complex algorithms make it significantly easier for us to grasp difficult concepts. Even though I was never fully into Competitive Programming, his book and his teaching were vital in helping me in job interviews and making me a better coder. Highly recommend CP4 to anyone looking to impress in software engineering job interviews."

"Flunked really hard at IOI 2017, missing medal cutoff by 1 place. Then at the beginning of 2018 Steven Halim gave me a draft copy of CP3.1 / CP4 and I ended up getting a gold medal!"

"As a novice self-learner, CP-book helped me to learn the topics in both fun and challenging ways. As an avid and experienced CP-er, CP-book helped me to find a plentiful and diverse problems. As a trainer, CP-book helped me to plan ahead the materials and tactical strategies or tricks in competition for the students. As the person ever in those three different levels, I must effortlessly say CP-book is a must-have to being a CP master!"

"I've been in CP for three years. A rookie number for all the competitive programmers out there. I have a friend (still chatting with him today) who introduced me to this book. He's my roommate on our National Training Camp for IOI 2018's selection. I finally get a grab of this book in early 2019. To be honest I'm not the 'Adhoc' and good at 'Math' type of CP-er. I love data structures, graph (especially trees) And this CP3 book. Is a leap of knowledge. No joke. I met Dr Felix when I was training in BINUS, I also met Dr Steven when I competed in Singapore's NOI and one of my unforgettable moment is, this legend book got signed by its two authors. Even tho the book is full of marks and stains, truly one of my favorite. Kudos for taking me to this point of my life."

"I bought CP3 on 7th April 2014 on my birthday as a gift for myself and it has been the most worth-it 30USD spent by me on any educational material. In the later years, I was able to compete in IOI and ICPC WF. I think CP3 played a very big factor in igniting the interest and providing a strong technical foundation about all the essential topics required in CP."

"I have always wanted to get involved in competitive programming, but I didn't know how and where to get started. I was introduced to this book while taking Steven's companion course (CS3233) in NUS as an exchange student, and I found the book to be really helpful in helping me to learn competitive programming. It comes with a set of Kattis exercises as well. This book provides a structured content for competitive programming, and can be really useful to anyone ranging from beginners to experts. Just like CLRS for algorithms, CP is THE book for competitive programming."

"My memories about CP3 is me reading it in many places, the bus, my room, the library, the contest floor...not much time had passed since I start in competitive programming reading CP3 until I got qualified to an ICPC World Final"

"My name is Alisia Maria Lupidi and I am an ICPC contestant. I take part in the SWERC and this month (July 2020) I won the gold medal at the Girls ICPC ACPC. My boyfriend, who is a bronze medalist at the SWERC, gave me the CP4 yesterday (30 July) as a present for my birthday (soon). I would like you to know how important your work is for us contestants and to thank you for writing the best birthday present ever!"

Authors' Profiles

Steven Halim is a Senior Lecturer in the National University of Singapore Read

Felix Halim is a Senior Software Engineer at Google, Mountain View, USA Read

Suhendry Effendy is a Research Fellow in the National University of Singapore Read

Important News

Friday, 11 June 2021: After 1.5 more years of additional translations by Miguel Revilla Rodriquez (since 01 January 2020), CP4 Book 1 and 2 are now available in Spanish language. Here are the Amazon Book 1 link and Amazon Book 2 link .

Wednesday, 01 January 2020: CP3 (2013 edition with a bit of 2018 upgrade) is now available in Spanish language. If you are a Spanish-speaking programmer, we recommend that you get the Spanish version that has been translated over the past 1+ year by Miguel Revilla Rodriquez (the current admin of (UVa) Online Judge). Here is the Amazon Link, ISBN: 978-1711024813 . [Updated remarks on 11 June 2021]: Now that CP4 version is fully available in Spanish, I suggest that you go for the latest version :).

Tuesday, 24 October 2017: CP3 is now available in Korean language. If you are Korean, we recommend that you get the Korean version that has been translated over the past 1+ year by lewha0 . Here is the publisher link: Insight Book, Korea .

Foreword by Bill Poucher, ICPC Executive Director and President of ICPC Foundation

Introduction.

In 1970, the Texas A&M UPE Honor Society hosted the first university competitive programming competition in the history of the ICPC. The first Finals was held in 1977 in Atlanta in conjunction with the Winter Meeting of the ACM Computer Science Conference. The ICPC International Collegiate Programming Contest hosted regional competitions at 643 sites in 104 countries for 59,000 team members and their 5043 coaches from over 3400 universities that span the globe. The top 135 teams of three will advance to the ICPC World Finals in Moscow hosted by MIPT scheduled for June 2021.

ICPC alumni number over 400,000 worldwide, many playing key roles in building the global digital community for many decades. The ICPC is the root of competitive programming that reaches out through the global digital community to persons from all cultures and in increasingly-younger generations.

The UVa Online Judge opened the doors for online competition and access to ICPC problems under the direction of Professor Miguel Ángel Revilla. Three of the star-studded team are Steven Halim, Felix Halim, and Suhendry Effendy, authors of Competitive Programming 4, Book 1 and Book 2. Their work will be honored at the ICPC World Finals in Moscow hosted by MIPT with a special award from the ICPC Foundation.

What is competitive programming and why should you get involved? First and foremost, it's a mind sport. It more fully develops your algorithmic reasoning skills and bridges the gap between theory and application in bite-sized chunks. Full participation develops problem-solving intuition and competence. Get ready for the Digital Renaissance that will shape your world in the coming decades. To understand the landscape, it is important to shape your mind beyond a swarm of buzzwords. Do it as a team sport.

How do we get started?

Start with Competitive Programming 4, Book 1 and Book 2. Start with Book 1 first :). The authors are seasoned competitive programming experts who have dedicated decades of work to help at all levels of the sport.

In parallel, engage in a culture that develops habits excellence. You are the first generation that has never been disconnected. Being connected is best when we bind our strengths together in common cause. Do that and prepare to meet the challenges that will define your generation.

Life needs you. We are born to compete. We compete best when we compete together, in good faith, in goodwill, and with good deeds. When you come to college, consider the ICPC and the new program ICPC University Commons that will provide a spectrum of activities that happen outside of the classroom. You can visit https://icpc.global for details.

Why get started?

Is developing your problem-solving skills important? Yes. Is preparing for a future engaged in the global digital community important? Yes. Is following T.S. Elliot's advice that to fully develop you must go too far? Yes. Do that in competitive programming. Be careful of pursuits that are not reversible.

Is competitive programming practical? Aristotle asserted that there is nothing more practical than engaging in mental activities and reflections which have their goal in themselves and take pace for their own sake. Let me recommend that you engage your spirit in building a more beautiful world. In the immense scope of life, abundant small kindnesses make a difference. Find friends with common interest and embrace this cycle: "Repeat for a lifetime: Study; Practice; Rehearse; Dress Rehearse; Perform."

It works for athletes. It works for musicians. It works for all performance arts. It will work for you.

Foreword by Miguel Revilla Rodríquez, (UVa) Online Judge Manager

Almost 20 years ago (on November 11th, 2003, to be precise), my father (Miguel Ángel Revilla) received an e-mail with the following message: "I should say in a simple word that with the UVa Site, you have given birth to a new CIVILIZATION and with the books you write (he meant "Programming Challenges: The Programming Contest Training Manual", coauthored with Steven Skiena), you inspire the soldiers to carry on marching. May you live long to serve the humanity by producing super-human programmers."

What, in my father's words, was "clearly an exaggeration" , caused some thinking. And it's not a secret that thoughts can easily lead to dreams. His dream was to create a community around the project he had started, as part of his teaching job at the University of Valladolid, Spain, that gathered people from all around the world working together towards the same ideal, the same quest. With a little searching, on the primitive Internet of the first years of our century, a whole online community of excellent users and tools, built around the UVa site, came to light.

The website Methods to Solve , created by a very young student from Indonesia, was one of the most impressive among them. There was the result of the hard work of a real genius of algorithms and computer science. The seed was planted to believe that the dream could come true. Moreover, it was not only that the leaves of that growing tree were a perfect match, but the root of both projects were exactly the same: to serve the humanity. That young student, the author of the e-mail and the website that put my father to dream, was Steven Halim. Later he would discover that Steven was not alone in his quest, as his younger brother, Felix, shared his view, his interests, and his extraordinary capabilities.

After 15 years of fruitful collaboration and, more important, friendship with Steven and Felix, my father sadly passed away in 2018. His work, and his dreams, now belong to us, the next generation. This book is the living proof that the dream has become true.

"I can't imagine a better complement for the UVa Online Judge" , are my father's words. Now, with this fourth version of Competitive Programming in my hands, I can add that I can't imagine the very existence of the Online Judge without this book. Both projects have grown in parallel and are, no doubt, perfect complements and companions to each other. By practicing and mastering most programming exercises in this book, the reader can learn how to solve hundreds of tasks and find a place in the top 500 best Online Judge coders. You have in your hands over 2000 (yes, two thousand!) selected, classified, and carefully commented problems from the Online Judge.

The authors, in the past two decades, have grown from contestants, to coaches and, finally, masters in the art of competitive programming. They perfectly know every curve and crossroad in that long path, and they can put themselves in the skins of the young IOI contestant, the ICPC newcomer or the seasoned coach, speaking to each in their own language. This book is, for that very reason, the perfect reading for all of them. No matter if you are starting as a competitive programmer in your local IOI, or are coaching in the next ICPC World Finals, no doubt this IS the book for you.

I love movies, I adore classic movies, and I know that what I'm watching is a masterpiece, when, after the film ends, I can't wait to start all over again. In Steven and Felix own words "the book is not meant to be read once, but several times" . And you will find that same feeling, not only because the authors recommend it, but because you will be anxious to read and re-read it as, like in the greatest movies, you will find something new and amazing each time. This book is, by that logic, a masterpiece.

I also have the great honor of being the Spanish language translator of this book. Translating requires a very meticulous process of converting the words while keeping the spirit. You have to think as the author would think, and have to perfectly understand not only what the author is saying, but also what the author is meaning. It is a handcrafting exercise. Having gone forth and back through this text hundreds of times, I have enjoyed every concept, every new idea, and every tip, not only by what is written in it, but also by what it wants to achieve. The quest of making better programmers and, behind that, the quest of serving humanity. This book is, indeed, a truly masterpiece.

Once you've read this book several times, you will realize how much a better programmer you are but, believe it or not, you will realize that you are also a happier person.

Foreword by Fredrik Niemelä, Founder of Kattis

I got my first physical copy of this book from Steven at IOI 2012 in Italy. Like so many other computer scientists, he has a great sense of humor, and named it "Competitive Programming: Increasing the Lower Bound of Programming Contests." It was the second edition of the book and already twice the size of the first edition. Packed with practical advice, it was well-suited to get beginners started and had useful material for the more seasoned algorithmist.

Steven and Felix's vision for their book was to teach everybody how to program (As Gusteau from Ratatouille would put it: "Tout le monde peut programmer"). I had a similar vision, but instead of writing a book, we created Kattis. "Competitive Programming" and Kattis share this motivating principle: to make learning computer science and programming accessible for everyone. In that sense, they are like two of many pieces in the same puzzle.

Kattis is an online tool for teaching computer science and programming, which relies on a curated library of programming tasks. I managed to convince Steven that he should try using Kattis for some of his teaching activities. Over the years he has moved from using Kattis, to pushing us to improve Kattis, to adding high-quality content to Kattis.

From years of teaching algorithms and using similar systems that preceded Kattis, we learned that the quality of the problems, and their absolute correctness, are paramount for learning outcomes. So, this is where we put extra effort into Kattis. (If you ever felt that it's too much work to add problems to Kattis, this is why). What we did back then is now standard practice---both the ICPC and IOI use the same kinds of methods for their finals.

In this fourth edition (more than twice as large as the second edition!), Steven and Felix, now joined by co-author Suhendry, are using problems from Kattis. We are honored to be included. Finally, our puzzle pieces are directly connected, and I am very excited about that.

I hope you will find this book informative and helpful and that you will spend the time it asks of you. You will not be disappointed.

Foreword by Brian Christopher Dean, Director, USA Computing Olympiad

I've had the privilege to be part of the competitive programming world for more than three decades, during which time I've seen the field grow substantially in terms of its impact on modern computing. As director of the USA Computing Olympiad and coach of my University's ICPC teams, I have seen firsthand how competitive programming has become a key part of the global computing talent pipeline - both academia and industry are now filled with present-day superstars who were formerly superstars in competitive programming.

Just as the world of competitive programming has shown tremendous growth in scope, depth, and relevance, so too has this text, now in its fourth edition. Earlier editions of this book provided what I consider to be the gold standard for both an introduction and a thorough reference to the algorithmic concepts most prevalent in competitive programming. The same remains true for this edition.

Competitive programming can be a daunting undertaking for the novice student - learning to code is plenty challenging by itself, and on top of this we add a layer of "standard" algorithms and data structures and then another layer of problem-solving insight and tricks. This text helps the introductory student navigate these challenges in several ways, by its thoughtful organization, extensive practice exercises, and by articulating ideas both in clear prose and code. Competitive programming can also be a daunting prospect for the advanced student due to its rapid pace of evolution - techniques can go from cutting-edge to commonplace in a matter of just a few years, and one must demonstrate not only proficiency but true mastery of a formidable and ever-expanding body of algorithmic knowledge. With its comprehensive algorithmic coverage and its extensive listing of 3458 categorized problems, this text provides the advanced student with years of structured practice that will lead to a high baseline skill level.

I think this is a book that belongs in the library of anyone serious about computing, not just those training for their first or their hundredth programming competition. Ideas from competitive programming can help one develop valuable skills and insight - both in theory and implementation - that can be brought to bear on a wide range of modern computing problems of great importance in practice. Algorithmic problem solving is, after all, truly the heart and soul of computer science! These types of problems are often used in job interviews for a good reason, since they indicate the type of prospective employee who has a skill set that is broadly applicable and that can adapt gracefully to changes in underlying technologies and standards. Studying the concepts in this text is an excellent way to sharpen your skills at problem solving and coding, irrespective of whether you intend to use them in competition or in your other computational pursuits.

I've thoroughly enjoyed reading successive drafts of this updated work shared with me by the authors at recent IOIs, and I commend the authors on the impressive degree to which they have been able extend the scope, clarity, and depth of an already-remarkable text.

Dr Steven Halim, stevenhalim at gmail dot com

Steven Halim is a senior lecturer in the School of Computing, National University of Singapore (SoC, NUS). He teaches several programming courses in NUS, ranging from basic programming methodology, intermediate to hard data structures and algorithms, web programming, and also the 'Competitive Programming' module that uses this book.

He is the coach of both the NUS ICPC teams and the Singapore IOI team. He participated in several ICPC Regionals as a student (Singapore 2001, Aizu 2003, Shanghai 2004). So far, he and other trainers at NUS have successfully groomed various ICPC teams that won twelve different ICPC Regionals (see the list of Regionals wins below), advanced to ICPC World Finals twelve times (2009-2010; 2012-2021) with current best result of Joint-14th in ICPC World Finals Phuket 2016 (see the top 3 World Finals results below), as well as ten gold, twenty-three silver, and sixteen bronze IOI medalists (2009-2021).

He is also the Regional Contest Director of ICPC Asia Singapore 2015+2018 and is the Deputy Director+International Committee member for the IOI 2020+2021 in Singapore (both online competitions due to COVID-19). He has been invited to give international workshops about ICPC/IOI at various countries, e.g., Bolivia ICPC/IOI camp in 2014, Saudi Arabia IOI camp in 2019, Cambodia NOI camp in 2020.

Steven is happily married to Grace Suryani Tioso and has two daughters and one son: Jane Angelina Halim, Joshua Ben Halim, and Jemimah Charissa Halim.

Dr Felix Halim, felix.halim at gmail dot com

Felix Halim is a senior software engineer at Google. While in Google, he worked on distributed system problems, data analysis, indexing, internal tools, and database-related stuff.

Felix has a passion for web development. He created uHunt to help UVa online judge users find the next problems to solve. He also developed a crowdsourcing website, https://kawalpemilu.org , to let the Indonesian public to oversee and actively keep track of the Indonesia general election in 2014 and 2019.

As a contestant, Felix participated in IOI 2002 Korea (representing Indonesia), ICPC Manila 2003-2005, Kaohsiung 2006, and World Finals Tokyo 2007 (representing Bina Nusantara University). He was also one of Google India Code Jam 2005 and 2006 finalists. As a problem setter, Felix set problems for ICPC Jakarta 2010, 2012, 2013, ICPC Kuala Lumpur 2014, and several Indonesian national contests.

Felix is happily married to Siska Gozali. The picture on the right is one of their Europe honeymoon travel photos (in Switzerland) after ICPC World Finals at Porto 2019. For more information about Felix, visit his website at https://felix-halim.net .

Dr Suhendry Effendy, suhendry.effendy dot gmail dot com

Suhendry Effendy is a research fellow in the School of Computing of the National University of Singapore (SoC, NUS). He obtained his bachelor degree in Computer Science from Bina Nusantara University (BINUS), Jakarta, Indonesia, and his PhD degree in Computer Science from National University of Singapore, Singapore. Before completing his PhD, he was a lecturer in BINUS specializing in algorithm analysis and served as the coach for BINUS competitive programming team (nicknamed as "Jollybee").

Suhendry is a recurring problem setter for the ICPC Asia Jakarta since the very first in 2008. From 2010 to 2016, he served as the chief judge for the ICPC Asia Jakarta collaborating with many other problem setters. He also set problems in many other contests, such as the ICPC Asia Kuala Lumpur, the ICPC Asia Singapore, and Olimpiade Sains Nasional bidang Komputer (Indonesia National Science Olympiad in Informatics) to name but a few.

Supporting Material

Sample code for the data structures and algorithms mentioned in the fourth edition of the book can be found below:.

https://github.com/stevenhalim/cpbook-code

Please email Steven ( [email protected] ) if you encounter bugs...

Updated NUS CS3233 - Competitive Programming sample PDF slides will be uploaded later

Dr Steven Halim is the coach of Singapore IOI team and National University of Singapore ACM ICPC team.\ Together with the other coaches and trainers in NUS, he has produced many ACM ICPC World Finalist teams in year 2009-present (2017, but minus 2011)\ and 5 gold/14 silver/11 bronze IOI medals in year 2010-present.

During Steven\'s non-teaching days at National University of Singapore (2nd half of May/June/July or 2nd half of December) Steven is open to visitation by IOI teams outside Singapore\ to do customized (or a joint-training with Singapore IOI team) using mostly the material in Competitive Programming textbook and beyond. There is also a possibility for Steven to travel to your country instead (less preferred due to his busyness) If you are organizing IOI-related activities and interested with this workshop, please do the following:

• Find relevant authorities that might want to sponsor your team\'s trip to NUS School of Computing (especially if your country is very far from Singapore...) and pay for a "small" consultation fee to School of Computing, NUS (this is not significant compared to your traveling cost to Singapore and accommodation+food while you and your team stay in Singapore).
• Let them know that you want the author of Competitive Programming textbook to give a competitive programming workshop to your students (up to > 6500 copies have been sold since the first edition back in August 2010). Note: The workshop will be in English as Steven does not know any other language other than English and Indonesian.
• Contact us (stevenhalim at gmail dot com) to check for Steven\'s availability.

Unfortunately, due to potential conflict of interest between NUS and other Asian Universities, Steven has to decline ACM ICPC-related training requests especially among Asian Universities. Alternative options are:

• Register your students as an exchange student in NUS in Semester 2 (January-April each year) and specifically enroll in CS3233 - Competitive Programming course, officially. NUS has no problems with exchange student taking CS3233 course where I usually share many competition techniques.
• Buy the latest edition of Competitive Programming book and do self-study, perhaps with help of the additional free material (Sample source code and public Lecture slides).
• However if your University is far from Asia and we will not fight each other in ACM ICPC Asia Regional, you may be able to contact Steven on case by case basis.

• Malaysian IOI team (4 students, 1 coach) visited School of Computing on 1-4 July 2013 for IOI 2013 preparation.
• Philippines OI team (1 student) visited School of Computing on 21-26 April 2014 for APIO 2014 preparation.

• CP4 - Book 1 (A5 Paperback)
• CP4 - Book 2 (A5 Paperback)
• CP3 (eBook - will be phased out)

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© 2000-2024 Steven Halim

ICPC Archives

World finals, europe contests, asia pacific contests, asia east continent contests, north america contests, latin american contests, africa and arab contests, europe subcontests.

US Open Contest

Our final contest of the 2023-2024 season, the US Open, has recently ended. Results are available here .

The USACO coaches are deliberating now on who to invite as finalists to our 2024 summer training camp; decisions on this should be out soon.

2023-2024 Competition Schedule Released

We are looking forward to a competition season in 2023-2024 with four contests, much like in previous years. At the end of the season, teams will be chosen to represent the USA at the International Olympiad in Informatics in Egypt and the European Girls Olympiad in Informatics in the Netherlands.

Two important notes regarding changes / clarifications in contest structure and rules for this season, in the interest of ensuring academic integrity:

• We have added text to our contest rules clarifying that generative AI is prohibited during our contests, and that USA students are not allowed to use VPNs to obscure their IP addresses.
• For USA students participating in a platinum contest, you will earn a certified score if you start the contest between 12:00 noon and 12:15 eastern time (ET) on the Saturday of the larger Friday-Monday contest timeframe. Certified scores carry more weight during finalist selection. This special timing currently only affects platinum contests, not other divisions. That is, platinum problems become available only at noon ET on the Saturday of the contest window; all other divisions can be launched earlier, on the Friday morning of the Friday-Monday contest timeframe. Students who wish to receive full consideration for selection as a finalist to attend our training camp should try to receive certified scores on all of the platinum contests. Realizing that schedules are sometimes hard to coordinate, students with three instead of four certified scores will still receive full consideration. Students who have fewer than three certified scores due to promotion from gold to platinum mid-season may also be considered for finalist status (in this case, the more certified scores, the better).

Outstanding Results at 2023 IOI and EGOI

2022-2023 Finalists Announced

The USACO is pleased to announce its finalists for the 2022-2023 season, all invited to participate in our training camp in late May / early June to compete for selection for the USA teams attending the International Olympiad in Informatics and the European Girls Olympiad in Informatics.

Our Mission

• Hundreds of hours of free on-line training resources that students can use to improve their programming and computational problem-solving skills.
• On-line programming contests (roughly six per year) for students at all levels.
• An intensive summer training camp , to which the top students in the USA are invited to further improve their skills and learn advanced material.
• The opportunity for the top four students in the USA to represent their country at the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI) , the most prestigious international algorithmic programming competition at the high-school level.

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2023-2024 schedule, our sponsors.

Evan Chen《陳誼廷》

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Olympiad Problems and Solutions

This page contains problems and solutions to the International Math Olympiad and several USA contests, and a few others. Check the AoPS contest index for even more problems and solutions, including most of the ones below.

International Math Olympiad #

• IMO 1997 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 1998 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 1999 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2000 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2001 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2002 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2003 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2004 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2005 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2006 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2007 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2008 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2009 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2010 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2011 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2012 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2013 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2014 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2015 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2016 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2017 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2018 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2019 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2020 (PDF) (TeX) (video)
• IMO 2021 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2022 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2023 (PDF) (TeX)
• IMO 2024 (PDF) (TeX)

Premier USA Contests

Usa math olympiad (usamo) #.

Despite being part of the USA team selection process, these are not the “official” solution files, rather my own personal notes. In particular, I tend to be more terse than other sources.

My understanding is that the internal problems and solutions, from the actual USA(J)MO committee, are copyrighted by MAA. To my knowledge they are not published anywhere. The Math Magazine has recently resumed publishing yet another version of the problems and solutions of the olympiad.

Recent statistics for USAMO

Download statistics for 2015-present (PDF) .

Problems and solutions to USAMO

• USAMO 1996 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 1997 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 1998 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 1999 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2000 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2001 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2002 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2003 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2004 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2005 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2006 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2007 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2008 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2009 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2010 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2011 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2012 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2013 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2014 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2015 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2016 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2017 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2018 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2019 (PDF) (TeX) (Math Jam)
• USAMOO 2020 (PDF) (TeX) (video)
• USAMO 2021 (PDF) (TeX) (video)
• USAMO 2022 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2023 (PDF) (TeX)
• USAMO 2024 (PDF) (TeX)
• JMO 2010 (PDF) (TeX)
• JMO 2011 (PDF) (TeX)
• JMO 2012 (PDF) (TeX)
• JMO 2013 (PDF) (TeX)
• JMO 2014 (PDF) (TeX)
• JMO 2015 (PDF) (TeX) , featuring Steve !
• JMO 2016 (PDF) (TeX)
• JMO 2017 (PDF) (TeX)
• JMO 2018 (PDF) (TeX)
• JMO 2019 (PDF) (TeX) (Math Jam)
• JMOO 2020 (PDF) (TeX) (video)
• JMO 2021 (PDF) (TeX) (video)
• JMO 2022 (PDF) (TeX)
• JMO 2023 (PDF) (TeX)
• JMO 2024 (PDF) (TeX)

USA TST Selection Test (TSTST) #

For an explanation of the name, see the FAQ on the USA IMO team selection .

• TSTST 2011 (probs) (sols) (TeX)
• TSTST 2012 (probs) (sols) (TeX)
• TSTST 2013 (probs) (sols) (TeX)
• TSTST 2014 (probs) (sols) (TeX)
• TSTST 2015 (probs) (sols) (TeX)
• TSTST 2016 (probs) (sols) (TeX)
• TSTST 2017 (probs) (sols) (TeX)
• TSTST 2018 (probs) (sols) (TeX) (stats)
• TSTST 2019 (probs) (sols) (TeX) (stats)
• (video 1) (video 2) (video 3)
• TSTST 2021 (probs) (sols) (TeX) (stats)
• TSTST 2022 (probs) (sols) (TeX) (stats)
• TSTST 2023 (probs) (sols) (TeX) (stats)
• TSTST 2024 (probs) (sols) (TeX) (stats)

USA Team Selection Test (TST) #

These exams are used in the final part of the selection process for the USA IMO team.

• USA Team Selection Test 2000 (probs)
• USA Team Selection Test 2001 (probs)
• USA Team Selection Test 2002 (probs)
• USA Winter TST 2012 (probs)
• USA Winter TST 2013 (probs)
• USA Winter TST 2014 (probs) (sols) (TeX)
• USA Winter TST 2015 (probs) (sols) (TeX)
• USA Winter TST 2016 (probs) (sols) (TeX)
• USA Winter TST 2017 (probs) (sols) (TeX)
• USA Winter TST 2018 (probs) (sols) (TeX) (stats)
• USA Winter TST 2019 (probs) (sols) (TeX) (stats)
• USA Winter TST 2020 (probs) (sols) (TeX) (stats)
• USA Winter TST 2021 (probs) (sols) (TeX) (stats) (video)
• Because of the pandemic, there was no USA Winter TST for IMO 2022.
• USA Winter TST 2023 (probs) (sols) (TeX) (stats)
• USA Winter TST 2024 (probs) (sols) (TeX) (stats)

Other contests

Also listed on the USEMO page .

• (video 1) (video 2)
• USEMO 2022 (problems) (solutions+results)
• USEMO 2023 (problems) (solutions+results)

See also general ELMO information .

• ELMO 2010 (problems) (solutions)
• ELMO 2011 (problems) (solutions)
• ELMO 2012 (problems)
• ELMO 2013 (problems) (solutions) (shortlist) (中文)
• ELMO 2014 (problems) (solutions) (shortlist)
• ELMO 2016 (problems) (solutions) (ELSMO)
• ELMO 2017 (problems) (shortlist) (ELSMO) (ELSSMO)
• ELMO 2018 (problems) (shortlist) (ELSMO)
• ELMO 2019 (problems) (shortlist) (ELSMO)
• ELMO 2020 (problems) (ELSMO)
• ELMO 2021 (problems) (ELSMO)
• ELMO 2022 (problems) (ELSMO)

Taiwan Team Selection Test #

These are the problems I worked on in high school when competing for a spot on the Taiwanese IMO team. These problems are in Chinese; English versions here .

• Taiwan TST 2014 Round 1 (problems)
• Taiwan TST 2014 Round 2 (problems)
• Taiwan TST 2014 Round 3 (problems)

NIMO / OMO #

In high school, I and some others ran two online contests called NIMO (National Internet Math Olympiad) and OMO (Online Math Open). Neither contest is active at the time of writing (April 2021) but I collected all the materials and put them in a Google Drive link since the websites for those contests is not currently online. Most of the problems are short-answer problems.

Hardness scale #

Here is an index of many problems by my opinions on their difficulty and subject. The difficulties are rated from 0 to 50 in increments of 5, using a scale I devised called MOHS . 1

In 2020, Rustam Turdibaev and Olimjon Olimov, compiled a 336-problem index of recent problems by subject and MOHS rating . In addition, the linked file also contains a hyperlink to each of the corresponding solution threads on Art of Problem-Solving.

This document will probably see a lot of updates. Anyway, I cannot repeat enough the disclaimer that the ratings (and even philosophy) are my own personal opinion, rather than some sort of indisputable truth.

The acronym stands from “math olympiad hardness scale”, pun fully intended .  ↩

Internet Problem Solving Contest

Virtual contests.

A virtual contest is a simulation of a past contest, as if you started at the same time as all the original participants. In a virtual contest, you have the same constraints, the same amount of time, and the same scoring rules as the others.

Select a contest to participate in: (choose contest) IPSC 1999 (3 hours) IPSC 2000 (5 hours) IPSC 2001 (5 hours) IPSC 2002 (5 hours) IPSC 2003 (5.5 hours) IPSC 2004 (6 hours) IPSC 2005 (5 hours) IPSC 2006 (5 hours) IPSC 2007 (5 hours) IPSC 2008 (5 hours) IPSC 2009 (5 hours) IPSC 2010 (5 hours) IPSC 2011 (5 hours) IPSC 2012 (5 hours) IPSC 2013 (5 hours) IPSC 2014 (5 hours) IPSC 2015 (5 hours) IPSC 2016 (5 hours) IPSC 2017 (5 hours) IPSC 2018 (5 hours) IPSC 1999 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2000 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2001 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2002 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2003 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2004 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2005 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2006 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2007 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2008 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2009 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2010 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2011 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2012 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2013 practice session (25 hours) IPSC 2014 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2015 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2016 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2017 practice session (24 hours) IPSC 2018 practice session (24 hours)

Alternatively, you can also practice solving individual problems without a time limit and with unlimited attempts. But some problems are only available in virtual contests.

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April Michele

The University of Wisconsin Oshkosh will see an influx of bright young minds this week, with middle and high school students spending a day competing for awards, bragging rights and thousands of dollars in scholarships at the fourth annual Mathematical Problem-Solving Contest.

The event, organized by the UWO math department and returning after a two-year pandemic hiatus, is Thursday and will include nearly 800 seventh- through 10th-grade students from 43 schools and 25 districts across the state. Students can compete both as individuals and as part of a team of up to four people.

“We are very excited to be able to have this event back on campus,” said math professor Eric Kuennen. “It’s so much fun to see all these middle and high school kids engaged in solving problems, exploring our campus and feeling like a college student for a day.”

Brain ready, phone away

The event runs from 8 a.m. to 2:10 p.m., beginning with a check-in at one of multiple contest sites and closing with an awards ceremony inside the Kolf Sports Center fieldhouse. In between are the individual contest, team contest, optional educational activities around campus and a lunch in Blackhawk Commons.

Students are provided with a pencil and calculator, but are encouraged to bring extra pencils, a sharpener, snacks and water. Both the individual contest and team contest last 45 minutes

Trophies and medals will be given to the individuals and teams with the top scores in each division. The top performing schools also will be recognized. UWO scholarships also are offered to the students with the top three overall high scores in the individual contest.

Once both contests wrap, students have opportunities to check out a variety of activities—from lessons on removing contaminants and turning the Fox River into drinking water, to 60-second fine motor skill challenges or a look at real dinosaur bones and remarkable rocks and minerals. There are 15 total optional activities from the start of lunch sessions to the start of the awards ceremony.

Last held in 2019, the UWO Mathematical Problem-Solving Contest brings students from dozens of schools together on campus.

What makes a good problem?

The centerpiece of the day—the math problems themselves—are written to test students’ math problem-solving skills and are aligned with the Common Core Standards for Mathematical Practice. They’re put together by Kuennen and math professor John Beam.

Kuennen said the problems are designed not to test knowledge of a specific math topic or technique but rather general problem-solving skills. Participants represent four grade levels and they all tackle the same challenges, so it’s not a test of how advanced a student is or something taught in a particular level or class.

“We especially like problems that can be solved in different ways, or that may seem difficult at first but become simple when you find a good way to think about it,” he said. “A good problem is one that intrigues you at the start, so that you are curious as to what the solution might be, and then rewards you with a little shot of pleasure when you solve it.

“For our team contest, we like to write problems that have multiple solutions and the challenge is for the team to work together to find them all.”

Learn more: 

• UW Oshkosh Mathematical Problem-Solving Contest
• UW Oshkosh mathematics department

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